Chapter 12 Definitions Flashcards
Endocrine glands
responsible for the sexual maturation of individuals from childhood to adolescence and into adulthood. They play a role in the body’s ability to metabolize food and store energy
Pituitary gland
Small, round, pea sized structure attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus in the brain. Master gland, controls other glands. Anterior and posterior lobe.
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:
Growth Hormone GH, Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, luteinizing hormone LH, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Growth Hormone
Promotes the growth of body structures, such as bones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
affects the growth and functioning of the thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, and luteinizing hormone LH
are referred to as gonadotropins because they act on the gonads, the ovaries in the female, and the testes in the male
Prolactin
acts on the mammary glands to produce milk
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
acts on the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids, including cortisol
Oxytocin
acts on the uterus to promote contractions during labor and delivery
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH
acts on the kidneys to increase the absorption of water
pineal gland
referred to as _____ body. in the brain above and behind the thalamus. It produces melatonin
melatonin
influences the body’s sleep wake cycle
thyroid gland
one of the largest, highly vascular and in the base of the neck. Shaped like the letter H, two lobes on either side of the trachea, which are connected by a thin gland. These produce triiodothyronine T3, and thyroxine T4, and also calcitonin
T3, and T4
Responsible for growth throughout childhood and regulation of body metabolism. Iodine is needed in the diet
calcitonin
responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood
parathyroid glands
lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid. Secrete parathormone PTH, also called parathyroid hormone.
Parathyroid Hormone PTH
also help regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood
adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney. Made up of an outer layer called the adrenal cortex, and an inner part called the adrenal medulla. Secrete: Epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Epinephrine
released during fight-or-flight response. It enables the body to respond quickly to stressful situations by converting glycogen into glucose for quick energy, increasing the heart rate, and improving blood flow to major organs, skeletal muscles, and the brain.
Aldosterone
plays a role in regulating and maintaining the body’s water, sodium, and electrolyte balance
Cortisol
is the body’s natural steroid and works to decrease inflammation
Androgens
responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in females and males
pancreas
Endocrine portion includes the pancreatic islets, clusters of cells islets of Langerhans. Beta cells of the pancreatic islets create insulin. Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon.
thymus gland
consists of two symmetrical lobes located in the mediastinum. Shrinks as people age. Main function is to produce T lymphocytes that are necessary for the immune system.
reproductive glands (gonads)
ovaries and testes
estrogen
develop breasts and pubic hair. Plays a role in menstrual cycle, and important in the prevention of osteoporosis in post menopausal women
Progesterone
prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps to support the developing fetus
testosterone
deepening of voice, growth of facial or pubic hair, increased muscle development. Also helps in the production of sperm
Negative feedback system
maintain homeostasis
