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Microbiology > Chapter 9 notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genetics

A

The study of genes and genomes, and their role in the biology of an organism

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2
Q

What is the relationship between genomes and organisms

A

helps cells survive by giving instructions to produce gene products

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3
Q

Define genome

A

instructions or blueprint for cell to survive

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4
Q

The genome is the sum total of ______ carried within a cell

A

DNA

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5
Q

What do most of the genome exist in the form of

A

chromosomes (but are also in the form of plasmids)

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6
Q

The genome of viruses differs from that of euk and pro

A

in that euk/pro genome are just DNA but viruses are DNA and RNA

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7
Q

What is the structure of euk chromosomes

A

DNA molecules tightly wound around histone proteins

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8
Q

What is the structure of bacterial chromosomes

A

condensed and secured DNA into a packet by means of a different type of protein

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9
Q

Euk have ______ chromosomes where pro have ______ chromosome

A

linear; circular

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10
Q

The specific sequence of DNA bases encoded in the genome = __________ results in the ________, which is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environement

A

genotype; phenotype

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11
Q

A genome is divided into _________

A

genes

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12
Q

Define gene

A

fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait in an organism; it is a portion of the chromosome that provides information for a given cell function

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13
Q

T/F some genes in a genome can be non-coding

A

T

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14
Q

Genes are a specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary information to make a molecule of _______ or _________

A

protein; RNA

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15
Q

The genetic information of all organisms is stored in the genome, this allows

A

cells to function

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16
Q

Gene expression is __________

A

regulated

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17
Q

The cells must be able to copy (___________) its DNA and pass its genetic information to offspring

A

replicate

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18
Q

Genes and genomes can be analyzed using __________ techniques

A

lab

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19
Q

Using lab techniques genes and genomes can be __________ to produce recombinant orgnaisms with novel phenotype

A

manipulated

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20
Q

What bonds hold together base pairings in DNA

A

H bonds

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21
Q

In a simpler system of pro, circulate chromosomes are packaged by the action of enzyme called _________

A

topoisomerase

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22
Q

What does topoisomerase do

A

coils the chromosomes into a tight bundle by introducing a reversible series of twists into the DNA molecule

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23
Q

The basic unit of DNA is a

A

nucleotide

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24
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of

A

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a N base

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25
Q

How many H bonds between:

A and T/U
G and C

A

2
3

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26
Q

Function of helicase

A

unzipping the DNA helix

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27
Q

Function of primase

A

synthesizing an RNA primer

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28
Q

Function of ligase

A

final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

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29
Q

Function of DNA polymerase lll

A

adding bases to the new DNA chain, proofreading the chain for mistakes

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30
Q

Function of DNA polymerase l

A

removing RNA primers, replacing gaps between Ozaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatches bases

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31
Q

Nucleotides are added to the _____ end

A

3’

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32
Q

The template strand is an original __________ dna strand and is retained in the daughter molecule

A

parental

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33
Q

The preservation of the parent molecule with one strand, is termed ________ ___________, and helps explain the reliability and accuracy of replication

A

semiconservative replication

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34
Q

What is the origin of replication

A

serves as the place where replication is initiated

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35
Q

What does helicase form

A

replication fork with two template strands

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36
Q

Where does the origin of replication usually begin

A

at an A and T rich area because it requires less energy to break the 2 H bonds

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37
Q

When does replication begin

A

when RNA primers are synthesized by a primase at the origin of replication

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38
Q

When is the replication of lagging strand completed

A

when DNA polymerase l removes the RNA primers from the okazaki fragments and fills in the missing segments with correct complementary DNA nucleotides

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39
Q

The replacement strand is not completely bonded to the finished part of the new strand of lagging strand so an enzyme ________ makes these final phosphate sugars connect

A

ligase

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40
Q

Replication proceeds from the _____ to _____ ends

A

5’ to 3’

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41
Q

What is the origin of replication in binary fission

A

oriC

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42
Q

What does replisome do in binary fission

A

copies DNA strands in binary fission for replication

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43
Q

In binary fission what direction does replication occur

A

both directions

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44
Q

What is the flow for information

A

DNA –> RNA –> Proteins

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45
Q

Define transcription

A

when the master code DNA is first used to synthesize RNA

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46
Q

Define translation

A

information contained in the RNA is then used to produce proteins

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47
Q

We transcribe the DNA into ___________

A

ssRNA

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48
Q

one gene differs from another in the order and number of it’s _________

A

codons

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49
Q

Each codon/triplet represents a code for a particular _______

A

amino acid

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50
Q

The order of triplets directs a protein’s ________ structure–the order and type of AA in the chain–which determines it’s ________ and _______

A

structure; shape and size

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51
Q

Proteins contribute significantly to the ________ by functioning as enzymes and structural molecules

A

phenotype

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52
Q

mRNA contains codes for

A

sequence of AA in proteins

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53
Q

Function of mRNA

A

carries the DNA master code to the ribosomes

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54
Q

Is mRNA translated

A

yes

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55
Q

tRNA contains codes for

A

specifying a given AA

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56
Q

tRNA contains codes for

A

specifying a given AA

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57
Q

Function of tRNA in cells

A

carries AA to ribosome during translationg

58
Q

is tRNA translated

A

no

59
Q

rRNA contains codes for

A

several large structural rRNA molecules

60
Q

Function of rRNA in cells

A

forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

61
Q

Is rRNA translated

A

no

62
Q

What is the template strand in transcription

A

part of the DNA genome that is transcribed

63
Q

_________ _________ (proteins) bring RNA polymerase to the correct promoter in transcription

A

sigma factors

64
Q

What is the promoter

A

specific region on the DNA that will be recognized by Sigma factors and RNA polymerase

65
Q

Transcription makes

A

ssRNA

66
Q

Translation makes

A

proteins

67
Q

What is the one strand that will be transcribed in the 3’ to 5’ direction by RNA polymerase called

A

template strand

68
Q

What occurs in initiation of transcription

A

guided by sigma factors RNA poly binds to DNA promoter site and DNA is unwound

69
Q

What occurs in elongation of transcription

A

rna polymerase moves along the DNA strand adding complementary nucleotides as dictated by the template strand; mRNA strand is synthesized in the 5 –> direction

70
Q

What occurs in the termination of transcription

A

polymerase continues transcribing until it reaches a termination site and the mRNA transcript is released to be translated

71
Q

Define what mRNA is

A

a transcribed version of a structural gene or genes in DNA, copy the DNA gene but in RNA

72
Q

What does rRNA do

A

read mRNA code, facilitate its interaction with tRNA and produces proteins

73
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome is _____s

A

70

74
Q

What is tRNA responsible for

A

recognizing the correct codon and bringing the correct AA to the ribosome during translation

75
Q

tRNA contains an Anticodon and is charged with an AA = ____________

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

76
Q

Ribosomes assemble on the _____ end of an mRNA transcript

A

5’

77
Q

Ribosomes scan the mRNA until it reaches the ribosome binding side called the (in bacteria and archeae)

A

shine-dalgarno site

78
Q

In translation what does AUG code for

A

formyl-methionine

79
Q

What are operons

A

multiple genes encoded on one mRNA transcript

80
Q

What is the ribosome binding site in eukarya

A

Kozak Se Q

81
Q

In eukaryotic mRNA transcription is AUG start codon AA formyl methionine

A

NO only in bacteria and archaea

82
Q

Where does transcription occur in euk

A

in the nucleus

83
Q

Translation:

How does initiation begin

A

when a start codon (AUG) is encountered

84
Q

Translation:

When does elongation start

A

with the filling of the A site by a second tRNA

85
Q

Translation:

What is happening during the elongation phase

A

growing peptide chain

86
Q

Translation proceeds by ribosome ________ mRNA

A

down

87
Q

tRNA _____________ the code

A

translates

88
Q

Translation:

What recognizes the stop codon and terminates translation

A

protein release factor

89
Q

What catalyzes peptide bond formation in intiation

A

rRNA

90
Q

What are the 3 termination codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

91
Q

Translation:

What occurs in termination

A

tRNA encounters stop codon, and a special enzyme breaks the bond between the final tRNA and the finished polypeptide chain, releasing it from the ribosome

92
Q

Multiple ______- read the same message concurrently to speed up translation

A

ribosomes

93
Q

What is processed and transported immediately upon synthesis

A

protein folds

94
Q

What is the mechanism of azythromycin

A

binds bacterial 50s ribosomal subunit to prevent translocation from A site to P site

95
Q

Which target drug is bactericidal

A

azythromycin

96
Q

What two drugs are bacteriostatic

A

chloramphenicol
tetracycline

97
Q

What is the mechanism of chloramphenicol

A

formation of peptide bonds is blocked

98
Q

What is the result of tetracycline

A

tRNA is blocked, no protein is synthesized

99
Q

Is peptide bond formation energetically favorable

A

yes

100
Q

Where is 50% of energy consumption in a typical bacterial cell accounted for

A

in translation

101
Q

Each tRNA charging event uses _______ atp and assembly of ribosomes uses _____ GTP and each peptide addition uses _______ GTP and termination uses ______-

A

1
1
2
energy

102
Q

What are the products of transcription by RNA poly

A

tRNA and mRNA and rRNA

103
Q

What is synthesizing new covalent bonds between AA

A

rRNA–peptide bonds

104
Q

What reads the message of the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid to be added to the peptide chain

A

tRNA

105
Q

In euk what do we do after primary RNA transcript

A

splice out introns with a 5’ cap and polyA tail

106
Q

mRNA transcrips are processed in euk to remove _______ and add cap and tail

A

introns

107
Q

For viral genome DNA where is the location in euk and pro

A

euk: nucleus
pro: cytoplasm

108
Q

For viral genome RNA where is it euk and pro

A

euk: cytoplasm
pro: cytoplasm

109
Q

What occurs after viral replication

A

transcription and translation of viral proteins –> assemble and release

110
Q

What sort of genetic information is in the genetics of Herpes

A

dsDNA

111
Q

Herpes: encodes ______ viral proteins including own viral ______ ___________

A

84; DNA polymerase

112
Q

What does the genome due in herpes

A

integrates genome into host genome for life of host

113
Q

Where does acute infection occur

A

periphery epithelial cells

114
Q

Does latency infection show visible symptoms

A

no

115
Q

In the nucleus what happens with the site of initial herpes infection

A

integrates its genome into host (integrase)

116
Q

What is the symptoms of herpes

A

cold sores
viral shedding
epithelial cell death

117
Q

What enzyme is required for integration of the viral genome into the host genome

A

integrase

118
Q

Bacteria have genetic defenses against viruses = _________

A

CRISPR

119
Q

What is the sequence of retrovirus genetics

A

RNA to DNA to RNA to proteins

120
Q

What is the enzyme that brings RNA to DNA in retrovirus genetics

A

transriptase

121
Q

What is an example of retrovirus genetics

A

HIV

122
Q

Define oncogene

A

gene that has the potential to cause cancer

123
Q

Define gene regulation

A

genetic control processes, ensure protein/genes are expressed when needed

124
Q

What does negative regulation do

A

turn OFF expression to make less of gene product

125
Q

What does positive regulation do

A

turn ON gene expression to make more of gene product

126
Q

_________ control of production of bioluminescence by autoinducer vibrio fisceri

A

positive

127
Q

What does gene mutation rate of microbes depend on

A

genome composition and size

128
Q

Within one organism what can change in the genome

A
  1. mutations
  2. recomboniation
129
Q

Define recombination in genomes

A

rearrangement of DNA Se Q during replication

130
Q

What genome changes can occur between organisms

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction

131
Q

What is Conjugation genome changes

A

plasmid transfer

132
Q

What is transformation genome changes

A

transfer of free DNA

133
Q

What is transduction genome changes

A

transfer by viral delivery

134
Q

Define mutations

A

change in wild type or normal chromosomal genome composition

135
Q

Define spontaneous mutation

A

change in the dna arising from errors in replication that occurs without a known cause

136
Q

What is induced mutation

A

results from exposure to known mutagens that damage DNA and interfere with its functioning

137
Q

What is point mutaiton

A

addition, deletion, or substitution

138
Q

What is missense mutation

A

change in the code that leads to placement of a different AA

139
Q

What is a nonsense mutation

A

changes a normal codon into a stop codon that does not code for an AA and stops the production of the protein

140
Q

what is the worst mutaiton

A

frameshift mutation

Microbiology (29 decks)

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