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Microbiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define immunocompetence

A

ability of human to mount a normal immune response

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2
Q

which immunity…

discriminate well between self and non-self

A

adaptive

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3
Q

which immunity…

acts indiscriminately

A

innate

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4
Q

which immunity…

made up of classes of identical cells

A

innate

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5
Q

which immunity…

enormous diversity that can recognize trillions of antigens

A

adaptive

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6
Q

which immunity…

same type of response to each pathogen

A

innate

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7
Q

which immunity…

is specific, unique resposne to each pathogen

A

adaptive

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8
Q

which immunity…

remembers previous exposures to antigens to mount stronger subsequent response

A

adaptive

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9
Q

which immunity…

has no memory of previous exposure

A

innate

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10
Q

what are two features of adaptive immunity

A

specificity
memory

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11
Q

define specificity with adaptive immunity

A

antibodies produced; function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to

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12
Q

Define memory with adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes are programmed to “recall” their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters

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13
Q

adaptive immunity is the product of

A

dual system of B cells and T cells

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14
Q

define antigens

A

molecules that are recognized by T cells or B cells

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15
Q

What makes a good antigen

A

very specific interactions

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16
Q

antigens are complex molecules with

A

lipoproteins
lipopolysaccharides
nucleoproteins

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17
Q

What makes a poor antigen

A

small, simple molecule not attached to a carrier molecule and simply large molecules

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18
Q

Innate immunity takes care of

A

usual suspects

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19
Q

cells of adaptive immune system achieve high specificity and selectivity using a cell surface unique

A

to single antigen

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20
Q

by the time T and B cells reach lymphoid tissues each one is already equipped to respond to a single unique antigen…

what are the major functions of receptor

A
  1. recognize self vs nonself
  2. phagocytosis
  3. produce cytokines that function in cell signalling
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21
Q

it is accepted that there is a _________ lymphocyte receptor for each unique antigen

A

different

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22
Q

What is the clonal selection theory

A

undifferentiated lymphocytes in embryo and fetus undergo a continuous series of division and genetic changes that generate millions of different cell types, each with a particular unique receptor specificity

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23
Q

progency of B cell clone are called

A

plasma cells and memory b cells

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24
Q

progeny of T cell clone are called

A

CD8 cytotoxic t cells

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25
Q

what does the clonal selection theory imply

A

antigens activate lymphocytes by binding one specific receptor

once differentiated into clones, the cell can differentiate further into cells of the same type

26
Q

What does self vs non self recognition come down to

A

cell surface receptors: cell surface receptors confer specificity and identity, allow for surveillance and recognition

27
Q

Adaptive immunity relies on cell surfaces proteins encoded in the DNA region celled the

A

major histocompatibility complex

28
Q

What does the major histocompatibility complex do

A

encodes a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system in the recognition of self and in rejection of foreign molecules

29
Q

Where are MHC molecules found on

A

all cells except RBC

30
Q

the MHC is also known as the

A

human leukocyte antigen system

31
Q

Define class 1 MHC

A

genes code for markers that display unique characterisitcs of self and allow recognition of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions

32
Q

Define class 2 MHC

A

genes code for immune regulatory receptors found on antigen-presenting cells; macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells

33
Q

What do b cells do

A

production and actions of antibodies in response to the antigen

34
Q

WHat do t cells do

A

responses to the APC

35
Q

B cells have receptor proteins called _____ on the surface of their cells

A

antibody

36
Q

B cell is __________ immune response

A

humoral

37
Q

What does activation of b cells cause

A

b cell differentiation

38
Q

plasma cells

A

antibody factories

39
Q

b memory cells

A

long-lived cells capable of quickly producing more effector cells

40
Q

b memory cells

A

long-lived cells capable of quickly producing more effector cells

41
Q

B cells present the antigen on the surface of their cells, ___________ —> induce further cytokines production; cytokines produced by t cells help facilitate b cell differentiation

A

t cells recognize

42
Q

When are b cells activated

A

when antibody binds to antigen

43
Q

define antiserum

A

serum of blood containing specific antibodies

44
Q

Define primary response

A

latent period with no measurable antibody occurs early on

45
Q

Define secondary response

A

latent period is lacking because other memory lymphocytes from earlier response are immediately ready to react

46
Q

T cells bind

A

MHC-2 receptors with an antigen

47
Q

T cells are

A

cell mediated immune response

48
Q

What do t cells do

A

release cytokines, can induce lysis or apoptosis, can stimulate b cell maturation

49
Q

What do t cells target

A

abnormal cells

50
Q

unlike b cells; t cell receptors are

A

small, not secreted

51
Q

full maturation in the ______ _______ for t cells then migrated to the lymphoid organs

A

thymus gland

52
Q

in most immune reactions, t cells will interact with an

A

antigen presenting cell

53
Q

_____ _____ and _______ concentrate the antigens and circulate them so they will encounter lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes; spleen

54
Q

What are examples of antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
b cells

55
Q

t cell activation results after antigen presentation and involves a direct collaboration among an _______ and a _______

A

APC and t helper cell

56
Q

What do CD8 cytotoxic t cells do

A

recognize MHC-2 adn antigens and target the cell for distruction

57
Q

what do CD4 T helper cells do

A

recognize MHC 2 and antigen to trigger cytokine production

58
Q

What do CD4 T memory cells do

A

stored in lymph nodes and protect against future encounters with same antigen

59
Q

Define artificial immunity

A

acquired through medical procedure

60
Q

define natural immunity

A

acquired as part of normal life experiences

61
Q

define active immunity

A

results when a person develops their own immune response to an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory cells, takes time, and is lasting

62
Q

Define passive immunity

A

pre-formed antibodies are made by one idividual and donated to another individual; does not create memory acts immediately and is short term

Microbiology (29 decks)

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