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Microbiology > Chapter 8 for Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 for Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

chemical workings of cell that generate or harness energy through the thousands of cellular biochemical reactions

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2
Q

Cells acquire energy from an external source:

A

sun or chemicals

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3
Q

Define anabolic process with energy

A

reactions consume energy (endergonic)

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4
Q

Define catabolic process with energy

A

reactions release energy (exergonic)

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5
Q

Anabolic process will ___________large molecules

A

form

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6
Q

Catabolic process will _______- large molecules

A

breakdown

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7
Q

Are catabolic and anabolic reactions intertwined

A

yes

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8
Q

In many biochemical reactions an _________ changes a covalent bond on one or more substrates

A

enzyme

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9
Q

define enzyme

A

protein that catalyzes most of the chemical reactions of life

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10
Q

What are enzymes greatly influenced by

A

environmental conditions

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11
Q

What are the most common electron carrier molecules

A

NAD+ and FAD2+ during krebs and NADP+ in photosynthesis

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12
Q

What happens in the light dependent reactions of chlorophyll

A

H20 (photolysis splits it) into O2–releasing energy

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13
Q

The released electrons and their inherent energy from Light-dependent reaction drives

A

photophosphorylation to synthesize ATP and NADPH

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14
Q

What happens in the light independent reaction of chlorophyll

A

CO2 (carbon fixation) goes to glucose

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15
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> Glucose + 6O2

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16
Q

Organisms that cannot make their own _________ must obtain it from the nutrients outside them in their environments

A

glucose

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17
Q

Rank the steps of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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18
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place in

euk

pro

A

mitochondria

cytoplasm and cell membrane

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19
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

chemicals flowing down concentration gradient

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20
Q

What is proton motive force

A

H+ ion gradient; flow through ATP synthase

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21
Q

What is ATP

A

a high energy and universal compound for managing energy

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22
Q

What is needed for energy to biologically useful

A

it must ultimately be captured through phosphorylation, a process that adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP (ADP–>ATP)

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23
Q

What three things can generate ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
photosynthesis

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24
Q

1 nadh = ____ atp

A

3

25
Q

1 FADH2 = _____ ATP

A

2

26
Q

Which steps have substrate level phosphorylation

A

glycolysis and krebs cycle

27
Q

Which steps have oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETC

28
Q

The metabolic strategies employed by a microbe primarily depend upon the ________ they are able to biosynthesize

A

enzymes

29
Q

_______ pathways contain molecular intermediates that can be diverted into __________ pathways

A

catabolic; anabolic

30
Q

What is the secondary treatment of wastewater is

A

microbial digestion

31
Q

What decomposes the remaining particles of wood, paper, fabrics, petroleum, and organic molecules

A

a diverse community of natural bioremediators aerobically decompose these materials

32
Q

With secondary treatment of waste water what forms inside a large digester tank

A

sludge

33
Q

What does primary treatment with waste water include

A

screening
sedimentation

34
Q

The anaerobic digestion of waste water =

A

solid material called sludge

35
Q

The aerobic digestion of waste water =

A

liquid to be used again

36
Q

Induced fit and substate binding is an example of

A

catabolic reaction

37
Q

Define substrate le vel phosphorylation

A

ADP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP

38
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP to ATP using the free energy produced from redox reactions in the ETC

39
Q

What do electron carrier molecules do in terms of affinity

A

electron capture and transport in metabolic pathways falls to molecules with enhanced affinitiy for electrons that readily accept electrons from one substrate and donate them to another substrate

40
Q

Are carrier molecules degraded by electrons

A

NO

41
Q

Can carrier molecules be reused

A

yes

42
Q

carrier molecules can accept electrons from a wide range of reactions, not just one

A

yes

43
Q

How does volvox carteri get their energy

A

via photosynthesis

44
Q

Volvox carteri fixes tons of _________ in photosynthesis

A

carbon

45
Q

What happens in the light dependent reaction

A
  1. photons are absorbed by pigments: h2o in
    –photolysis–
  2. O2 is released
46
Q

Which part of photosynthesis does the redox rxn of NADP+ –> NADPH to get ATP

A

light dependent

47
Q

What does the release of electrons and its associated energy drive in photosynthesis

A

photophorylation synthesis of ATP and NADPH

48
Q

What happens in the light independent reaction

A
  1. CO2 in
    –carbon fixation with help of energy from light dependent rxn
  2. E required to fix CO2 to create glucose
49
Q

What happens to the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 in ETC

A

they’re oxidized and the electron transport protein reduced

50
Q

A series of ________ reactions in the electron transport proteins pump H+ ions and create a hydrogen ion gradient forms

A

redox

51
Q

What does H+ diffuse down it’s concentration gradient in with ETC

A

ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to ATP

52
Q

The net result of the ATP synthase is

A

oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

Define chemioosmosis

A

high concentration of H+ flowing down the gradient to low concentrations

54
Q

Define proton-motive force

A

H+ ion gradient, H+ ions flow through ATP synthase

55
Q

What is the end result of glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic acids

56
Q

What is the end result of transition state

A

2 acetlycoa
2 NADH
2 CO2

57
Q

What is the end result of the krebs cycle

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

58
Q

What is the end result of the ETC

A

34 ATP
6 H2O

59
Q

In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor

A

organic molecules

Microbiology (29 decks)

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