Chapter 8 for Exam 2 Flashcards
Define metabolism
chemical workings of cell that generate or harness energy through the thousands of cellular biochemical reactions
Cells acquire energy from an external source:
sun or chemicals
Define anabolic process with energy
reactions consume energy (endergonic)
Define catabolic process with energy
reactions release energy (exergonic)
Anabolic process will ___________large molecules
form
Catabolic process will _______- large molecules
breakdown
Are catabolic and anabolic reactions intertwined
yes
In many biochemical reactions an _________ changes a covalent bond on one or more substrates
enzyme
define enzyme
protein that catalyzes most of the chemical reactions of life
What are enzymes greatly influenced by
environmental conditions
What are the most common electron carrier molecules
NAD+ and FAD2+ during krebs and NADP+ in photosynthesis
What happens in the light dependent reactions of chlorophyll
H20 (photolysis splits it) into O2–releasing energy
The released electrons and their inherent energy from Light-dependent reaction drives
photophosphorylation to synthesize ATP and NADPH
What happens in the light independent reaction of chlorophyll
CO2 (carbon fixation) goes to glucose
What is the formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O —> Glucose + 6O2
Organisms that cannot make their own _________ must obtain it from the nutrients outside them in their environments
glucose
Rank the steps of aerobic respiration
- glycolysis
- krebs cycle
- electron transport chain
Where does the krebs cycle take place in
euk
pro
mitochondria
cytoplasm and cell membrane
Define chemiosmosis
chemicals flowing down concentration gradient
What is proton motive force
H+ ion gradient; flow through ATP synthase
What is ATP
a high energy and universal compound for managing energy
What is needed for energy to biologically useful
it must ultimately be captured through phosphorylation, a process that adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP (ADP–>ATP)
What three things can generate ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
photosynthesis
1 nadh = ____ atp
3
1 FADH2 = _____ ATP
2
Which steps have substrate level phosphorylation
glycolysis and krebs cycle
Which steps have oxidative phosphorylation
ETC
The metabolic strategies employed by a microbe primarily depend upon the ________ they are able to biosynthesize
enzymes
_______ pathways contain molecular intermediates that can be diverted into __________ pathways
catabolic; anabolic
What is the secondary treatment of wastewater is
microbial digestion
What decomposes the remaining particles of wood, paper, fabrics, petroleum, and organic molecules
a diverse community of natural bioremediators aerobically decompose these materials
With secondary treatment of waste water what forms inside a large digester tank
sludge
What does primary treatment with waste water include
screening
sedimentation
The anaerobic digestion of waste water =
solid material called sludge
The aerobic digestion of waste water =
liquid to be used again
Induced fit and substate binding is an example of
catabolic reaction
Define substrate le vel phosphorylation
ADP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP
Define oxidative phosphorylation
ADP to ATP using the free energy produced from redox reactions in the ETC
What do electron carrier molecules do in terms of affinity
electron capture and transport in metabolic pathways falls to molecules with enhanced affinitiy for electrons that readily accept electrons from one substrate and donate them to another substrate
Are carrier molecules degraded by electrons
NO
Can carrier molecules be reused
yes
carrier molecules can accept electrons from a wide range of reactions, not just one
yes
How does volvox carteri get their energy
via photosynthesis
Volvox carteri fixes tons of _________ in photosynthesis
carbon
What happens in the light dependent reaction
- photons are absorbed by pigments: h2o in
–photolysis– - O2 is released
Which part of photosynthesis does the redox rxn of NADP+ –> NADPH to get ATP
light dependent
What does the release of electrons and its associated energy drive in photosynthesis
photophorylation synthesis of ATP and NADPH
What happens in the light independent reaction
- CO2 in
–carbon fixation with help of energy from light dependent rxn - E required to fix CO2 to create glucose
What happens to the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 in ETC
they’re oxidized and the electron transport protein reduced
A series of ________ reactions in the electron transport proteins pump H+ ions and create a hydrogen ion gradient forms
redox
What does H+ diffuse down it’s concentration gradient in with ETC
ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
The net result of the ATP synthase is
oxidative phosphorylation
Define chemioosmosis
high concentration of H+ flowing down the gradient to low concentrations
Define proton-motive force
H+ ion gradient, H+ ions flow through ATP synthase
What is the end result of glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic acids
What is the end result of transition state
2 acetlycoa
2 NADH
2 CO2
What is the end result of the krebs cycle
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
What is the end result of the ETC
34 ATP
6 H2O
In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor
organic molecules
