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Microbiology > Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 things ALL bacteria have

A

Phospholipid cell membrane

Chromosomal DNA

Ribosomes/protein production

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What do flagellum enable

A

locomotion

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3
Q

Define fimbriae

A

fine hairlike birstles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells adn surfaces

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4
Q

Define pilus

A

an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

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5
Q

Define plasmid

A

small double stranded DNA molecule containing extra genes

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6
Q

Define pili

A

rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein

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7
Q

What is the function of pili

A

join bacterial cells for partial dna transfer called conjugation

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8
Q

Where are pili only found in

A

gram negative cells

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9
Q

Based on ____ information, the phylogenetic history can be deduced and we can infer the relationship of thousands of different bacterial species

A

genetic

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10
Q

What is an extremely useful and common way to classift bacteria?

A

by their cell envelope

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11
Q

What is the composition of cell envelopes

A

glycocalyx

cell membrane

cell wall

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12
Q

What are cell walls composed of

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

The cell wall is _____-like and composed of what 2 things (but the majority of it is ___________)

A

mesh-like; polysaccharide and peptide linker; peptidoglycan

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14
Q

In gram positive the peptidoglycan is ___________-

A

very thick

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15
Q

In gram negative the peptidoglycan is

A

very thin

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16
Q

What gram bacteria has 2 membranes

A

gram negative

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17
Q

Hans gram developed what method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria

A

gram staining

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of gram negative bacteria

A

an outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, and cell membrane

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19
Q

What staining color is gram positive and why

A

thick peptidoglycan of the gram positive cell traps the crystal violet mordant complex and makes in inaccessible to the decolorizer leaving the cell purple

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20
Q

What staining color is gram negative and why

A

the cell walls are thinner and the crystal violet is easy to remove with the decolorizer so the cell stains red

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21
Q

In gram negative the alcohol does what to the outer membrane

A

dissolves it which increases the loss of dye

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22
Q

Which gram bacteria is overall more thick

A

gram positive

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23
Q

Does gram positive have an outer membrane

A

no

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24
Q

Does gram negative have an outer membrane

A

yes

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25
Q

Which gram bacteria is more penetrable

A

gram positive

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26
Q

Why doesn’t penicillin target human cells

A

we lack peptidoglycan

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27
Q

coccus

A

spherical ball shaped bacteria

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28
Q

bacillus/rod

A

cylindrical (longer than wide)

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29
Q

Vibrio

A

comma shaped

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30
Q

Spirillum

A

spiral shaped cylinder/corkscrew

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31
Q

Spirochete

A

more flexible form that resembles a spring

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32
Q

Spirilla and spirochetes have gram reaction (cell wall type) to

A

gram negative bacteria

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33
Q

Plasmid DNA is

A

circular

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34
Q

What can confound the classification of bacterial species?

A

extrachromosomal DNA

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35
Q

Define species

A

collection of organisms that show similar patterns of traits

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36
Q

define subspecies or strain

A

sub group that share one unique structure or gene

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37
Q

What is the most ancient of all life forms

A

archaea

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38
Q

Archaea are extremophiles meaning

A

that they can evolve in extreme conditions

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39
Q

What are archaea more closely related to

A

eukaryotes than bacteria

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40
Q

Why are archaea more related to eukaryotes

A

cell wall is more similar to eukaryotic (no peptidoglycan)

share a number of ribosomal rna sequences not found in bacteria

protein synthesis and ribosomal subunit sturctures are more similar

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41
Q

What theory is associated with the history of eukaryotes

A

the endosymbiotic theory

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42
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory say

A

the nucleus containing cells of animals, plants, and fungi arose during evolution through the merging of cells of two types of microorganisms–archaea and bacteria

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43
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

structure support

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44
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

protein production

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45
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

water based gel like solvent

46
Q

Function of nucleus

A

house genetic info

47
Q

function of ER

A

protein production and secretion

48
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

energy

49
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

storage of material

50
Q

An example of lysosomes

A

vacuolue

51
Q

Function of golgi body

A

packaging and secretion of proteins

52
Q

Function of phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

A

selective permeability

53
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

adherence to surfaces; development of biofilms and mats; protection

54
Q

Cilia are similar to flagella but they are

A

shorter and more numerous only in certain protozoa and animal cells

55
Q

Where is the ER

A

near the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

56
Q

Where is the golgi complex located near

A

the ER but not connected to

57
Q

Order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of euk cells:

  1. once engulfed the smaller cell provides some benefit within and to the larger for e.g. energy production
  2. over time, the symbiotic relationship becomes permanent and the two cannot exist independently
  3. a larger prokaryotic (possibly archeon) cell engulfs a smaller prokaryotic cell
  4. Once merged the two cells begin to co evolve additional internal structures also evolve into organelles, such as ER
A

3
1
4
2

58
Q

What is one of the major differences between pro and euk cells

A

the size differential

59
Q

What bacteria lacks chloroplast

A

cyanobacteria

60
Q

What are a few structures that only some eukaryotes have

A

cell wall
flagellum
chloroplasts

61
Q

Linear dsDNA is so ________ it can be split into chromosomes

A

large

62
Q

What are the similarities with genome arrangement of pro and eukaryotes

A

dsDNA, genes in the genome

63
Q

What are differences with genome arrangement between pro and eukaryotes

A

pro have circular, smaller genomes

euk have nucleus and require histones to compact their genome

64
Q

__________ has highly complex structure with several levels of organization

A

chromatin

65
Q

What encodes genes

A

nucleotide sequence

66
Q

What helps compact DNA

A

histone proteins

67
Q

A –>
G –>

A

T
C

68
Q

What also assisting compacting

A

nucleosomes

69
Q

Chromatids are ____ _____

A

tight coils

70
Q

chromatids go to

A

chromosomes

71
Q

What do all ribosomes have

A

2 subunites large and small containing both rRNA and ribosomal proteins

72
Q

What does the small subunit do

A

monitor the complementarity between tRNA anticodon and mRNA

73
Q

What does the large subunit do

A

catalyzes peptide bond formation rRNA

74
Q

Euk ribosomes
______ large subunit; ______ small subunit

A

60s; 40s

75
Q

pro ribosomes
____ large subunit; _____ small subunit

A

50s; 30s

76
Q

How many types of proteins in euk ribosomes

A

70-80

77
Q

How many types of proteins in pro ribosomes

A

53

78
Q

Structural difference between ribosomes make pro ribosomes a good ___ _______

A

antibiotic target

79
Q

Cell walls are composed of

A

chitin

80
Q

Protozoan have no _______ wall and are non-____________________ protists

A

cell; photosynthesizing

81
Q

how many cells are protozoans

A

unicellular but can be very large with highly specialized organelles

82
Q

What is the most abundant microbe on earth

A

viruses

83
Q

about _________ viral particles could fit in average bacteria

A

2000

84
Q

______ million polioviruses could fit in an average human cell

A

50

85
Q

What factor do viruses outnumber bacteria by

A

factor of 10

86
Q

Why is there no universal agreement on how and when viruses originated

A

no fossil records

87
Q

How can we track viruses

A

track integration events of some viruses over time to get an idea of their evolutionary history

88
Q

Viruses are likely very old and originated from ancient ______ cells that predated LUCA

A

RNA

89
Q

What was Louis pasteur postulation about rabies informing us

A

that it’s caused by living thing smaller than bacteria that was unable to be isolated and cultivated in the lab

90
Q

What did ivanovski and beijerinch discover about viruses

A

infectious agent of tobacco plant–tobacco mosaic virus

91
Q

Virus organization is ____ and ______ –only those parts needed to invade and use the host replicate itself

A

simple; compact

92
Q

Viruses lack _____________ machinery

A

biosynthetic

93
Q

What do viral genomes carry

A

minimum information and gened needed to invade host cell and redirect cell’s activity to make new viruses

94
Q

Viral genomes have RNA _____ DNA but

A

or but never both

95
Q

What is the RNA strand in virus
What is the DNA strand in virus

A

single stranded ss or double stranded ds

96
Q

What has the smallest genome

A

viruses

97
Q

What are viruses generally grouped by

A

grouped based on structure, chemical comp, and similarities to genetic makeup to indicate evolutionary relatedness

98
Q

Why can some viruses enter only some types of human cells but not others

A

receptors protein embedded in host cell membrane

99
Q

Define what animal virus multiplication does and what it has

A

evade host defenses; speedy replication and release

100
Q

Some viruses _______ their DNA into the host

A

integrate

101
Q

Define latent phase/disease and what happens

A

usually no or little symptoms of a disease but person is still infected with virus

102
Q

Why can simple virus structure be difficult to drug development

A

hard to hit a chemical bulls-eye

103
Q

What does hide in host cell mean

A

drug needs to also target host

104
Q

What does population size increases fast mean in terms of drug development is challenging

A

easy for just one to evade host (immune system and/or treatment)

105
Q

What part of the virus stimulates immune response of the host to produce antibodies that can neutralize the virus and protect the host cells against future infections

A

capsid and/or envelop

106
Q

Define vaccines

A

artificial immunity, trains our immune system to recognize virus and prevent future infection

107
Q

What do mRNA vaccines do

A

make proteins in order to trigger an immune response

108
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR combined vaccine

A

has live-attenuated vaccine

109
Q

What do inactivated vaccines do

A

inactive vaccines use the killed version of the germ to cause a disease

110
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

111
Q

how do euk reproduce

A

mitosis

112
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

need host

Microbiology (29 decks)

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