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Microbiology > Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 things ALL bacteria have

A

Phospholipid cell membrane

Chromosomal DNA

Ribosomes/protein production

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What do flagellum enable

A

locomotion

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3
Q

Define fimbriae

A

fine hairlike birstles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells adn surfaces

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4
Q

Define pilus

A

an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

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5
Q

Define plasmid

A

small double stranded DNA molecule containing extra genes

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6
Q

Define pili

A

rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein

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7
Q

What is the function of pili

A

join bacterial cells for partial dna transfer called conjugation

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8
Q

Where are pili only found in

A

gram negative cells

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9
Q

Based on ____ information, the phylogenetic history can be deduced and we can infer the relationship of thousands of different bacterial species

A

genetic

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10
Q

What is an extremely useful and common way to classift bacteria?

A

by their cell envelope

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11
Q

What is the composition of cell envelopes

A

glycocalyx

cell membrane

cell wall

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12
Q

What are cell walls composed of

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

The cell wall is _____-like and composed of what 2 things (but the majority of it is ___________)

A

mesh-like; polysaccharide and peptide linker; peptidoglycan

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14
Q

In gram positive the peptidoglycan is ___________-

A

very thick

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15
Q

In gram negative the peptidoglycan is

A

very thin

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16
Q

What gram bacteria has 2 membranes

A

gram negative

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17
Q

Hans gram developed what method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria

A

gram staining

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of gram negative bacteria

A

an outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, and cell membrane

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19
Q

What staining color is gram positive and why

A

thick peptidoglycan of the gram positive cell traps the crystal violet mordant complex and makes in inaccessible to the decolorizer leaving the cell purple

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20
Q

What staining color is gram negative and why

A

the cell walls are thinner and the crystal violet is easy to remove with the decolorizer so the cell stains red

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21
Q

In gram negative the alcohol does what to the outer membrane

A

dissolves it which increases the loss of dye

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22
Q

Which gram bacteria is overall more thick

A

gram positive

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23
Q

Does gram positive have an outer membrane

A

no

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24
Q

Does gram negative have an outer membrane

A

yes

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25
Which gram bacteria is more penetrable
gram positive
26
Why doesn't penicillin target human cells
we lack peptidoglycan
27
coccus
spherical ball shaped bacteria
28
bacillus/rod
cylindrical (longer than wide)
29
Vibrio
comma shaped
30
Spirillum
spiral shaped cylinder/corkscrew
31
Spirochete
more flexible form that resembles a spring
32
Spirilla and spirochetes have gram reaction (cell wall type) to
gram negative bacteria
33
Plasmid DNA is
circular
34
What can confound the classification of bacterial species?
extrachromosomal DNA
35
Define species
collection of organisms that show similar patterns of traits
36
define subspecies or strain
sub group that share one unique structure or gene
37
What is the most ancient of all life forms
archaea
38
Archaea are extremophiles meaning
that they can evolve in extreme conditions
39
What are archaea more closely related to
eukaryotes than bacteria
40
Why are archaea more related to eukaryotes
cell wall is more similar to eukaryotic (no peptidoglycan) share a number of ribosomal rna sequences not found in bacteria protein synthesis and ribosomal subunit sturctures are more similar
41
What theory is associated with the history of eukaryotes
the endosymbiotic theory
42
What does the endosymbiotic theory say
the nucleus containing cells of animals, plants, and fungi arose during evolution through the merging of cells of two types of microorganisms--archaea and bacteria
43
Function of cytoskeleton
structure support
44
Function of ribosomes
protein production
45
Function of cytoplasm
water based gel like solvent
46
Function of nucleus
house genetic info
47
function of ER
protein production and secretion
48
Function of mitochondria
energy
49
Function of lysosomes
storage of material
50
An example of lysosomes
vacuolue
51
Function of golgi body
packaging and secretion of proteins
52
Function of phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
selective permeability
53
Function of glycocalyx
adherence to surfaces; development of biofilms and mats; protection
54
Cilia are similar to flagella but they are
shorter and more numerous only in certain protozoa and animal cells
55
Where is the ER
near the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
56
Where is the golgi complex located near
the ER but not connected to
57
Order the following choices to reflect the evolution of the origin of euk cells: 1. once engulfed the smaller cell provides some benefit within and to the larger for e.g. energy production 2. over time, the symbiotic relationship becomes permanent and the two cannot exist independently 3. a larger prokaryotic (possibly archeon) cell engulfs a smaller prokaryotic cell 4. Once merged the two cells begin to co evolve additional internal structures also evolve into organelles, such as ER
3 1 4 2
58
What is one of the major differences between pro and euk cells
the size differential
59
What bacteria lacks chloroplast
cyanobacteria
60
What are a few structures that only some eukaryotes have
cell wall flagellum chloroplasts
61
Linear dsDNA is so ________ it can be split into chromosomes
large
62
What are the similarities with genome arrangement of pro and eukaryotes
dsDNA, genes in the genome
63
What are differences with genome arrangement between pro and eukaryotes
pro have circular, smaller genomes euk have nucleus and require histones to compact their genome
64
__________ has highly complex structure with several levels of organization
chromatin
65
What encodes genes
nucleotide sequence
66
What helps compact DNA
histone proteins
67
A --> G -->
T C
68
What also assisting compacting
nucleosomes
69
Chromatids are ____ _____
tight coils
70
chromatids go to
chromosomes
71
What do all ribosomes have
2 subunites large and small containing both rRNA and ribosomal proteins
72
What does the small subunit do
monitor the complementarity between tRNA anticodon and mRNA
73
What does the large subunit do
catalyzes peptide bond formation rRNA
74
Euk ribosomes ______ large subunit; ______ small subunit
60s; 40s
75
pro ribosomes ____ large subunit; _____ small subunit
50s; 30s
76
How many types of proteins in euk ribosomes
70-80
77
How many types of proteins in pro ribosomes
53
78
Structural difference between ribosomes make pro ribosomes a good ___ _______
antibiotic target
79
Cell walls are composed of
chitin
80
Protozoan have no _______ wall and are non-____________________ protists
cell; photosynthesizing
81
how many cells are protozoans
unicellular but can be very large with highly specialized organelles
82
What is the most abundant microbe on earth
viruses
83
about _________ viral particles could fit in average bacteria
2000
84
______ million polioviruses could fit in an average human cell
50
85
What factor do viruses outnumber bacteria by
factor of 10
86
Why is there no universal agreement on how and when viruses originated
no fossil records
87
How can we track viruses
track integration events of some viruses over time to get an idea of their evolutionary history
88
Viruses are likely very old and originated from ancient ______ cells that predated LUCA
RNA
89
What was Louis pasteur postulation about rabies informing us
that it's caused by living thing smaller than bacteria that was unable to be isolated and cultivated in the lab
90
What did ivanovski and beijerinch discover about viruses
infectious agent of tobacco plant--tobacco mosaic virus
91
Virus organization is ____ and ______ --only those parts needed to invade and use the host replicate itself
simple; compact
92
Viruses lack _____________ machinery
biosynthetic
93
What do viral genomes carry
minimum information and gened needed to invade host cell and redirect cell's activity to make new viruses
94
Viral genomes have RNA _____ DNA but
or but never both
95
What is the RNA strand in virus What is the DNA strand in virus
single stranded ss or double stranded ds
96
What has the smallest genome
viruses
97
What are viruses generally grouped by
grouped based on structure, chemical comp, and similarities to genetic makeup to indicate evolutionary relatedness
98
Why can some viruses enter only some types of human cells but not others
receptors protein embedded in host cell membrane
99
Define what animal virus multiplication does and what it has
evade host defenses; speedy replication and release
100
Some viruses _______ their DNA into the host
integrate
101
Define latent phase/disease and what happens
usually no or little symptoms of a disease but person is still infected with virus
102
Why can simple virus structure be difficult to drug development
hard to hit a chemical bulls-eye
103
What does hide in host cell mean
drug needs to also target host
104
What does population size increases fast mean in terms of drug development is challenging
easy for just one to evade host (immune system and/or treatment)
105
What part of the virus stimulates immune response of the host to produce antibodies that can neutralize the virus and protect the host cells against future infections
capsid and/or envelop
106
Define vaccines
artificial immunity, trains our immune system to recognize virus and prevent future infection
107
What do mRNA vaccines do
make proteins in order to trigger an immune response
108
What type of vaccine is MMR combined vaccine
has live-attenuated vaccine
109
What do inactivated vaccines do
inactive vaccines use the killed version of the germ to cause a disease
110
How do prokaryotes reproduce
binary fission
111
how do euk reproduce
mitosis
112
how do viruses reproduce
need host

Microbiology (29 decks)

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