Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define a covalent bond
When electrons are shared
Define an ionic bond
When electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another
Define a hydrogen bond
2 different molecules bonded together (when one of the two is a hydrogen atom)
What is a redox reaction
oxidation and reduction rxn
Define bioelement
very specific subset of the elements essential for life as we know it
organic compounds are covalently bonded to what
carbon
hydroxyls look like what
R–O–H
Examples of hydroxyls for microbiology
alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids
examples of carboxyls for mircobiology
fatty acids, proteins, organic acids
examples of amino groups for microbiology
proteins and nucleic acids
examples of phosphate groups for microbiology
nucleic acids, atp
Define macromolecules
large compounds assembled from smaller subunites
define monomer
a repeating subunit
define polymer
a chain of monomers
all cells are ___ ______ encapsulated in a lipid bilayer that contains biomolecules, water, ions, and other chemicals essential for life
biological solutions
What do lipids do
protect membrane
energy storage
communication
What do nucleic acids do
contain genetic information
What do carbohydrates do
energy
energy storage
structural support
building blocks
What do proteins do
breakdown of substances
structural support
transport
communication
Define lipids
organic compounds with many non polar covalent bonds, making them poorly soluble in water
Lipids are
hydrophobic
What do lipids make up in the membrane
phospholipid bilayer in all cell membranes
What two types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion
small non polar molecules, such as O2 and CO2
small, polar molecules such as h2O
What is the basic structure of carbs
backbone of carbon
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
generally soluble in water
How does a carb add up
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
Function of carbs
storage for energy and metabolism in all cells
cell wall structure provides strength and protection
simple sugars make up nucleic acids
What is a nucleotide monomer
basic building block of DNA and RNA
What makes up a nucleic acid
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate
What determines the information carried on the nucleotide strand
the order of the nitrogenous base
What’s the funciton of DNA
hereditary material
What’s the function of RNA
organize protein synthesis, gene regulations, ribosomes, can be viral genetic information
Define DNA replication
copy the DNA sequences
When is each strand copied
at the same time, guided by base pairing and the end result is two separate and equal double helices
Define mutations
any change to usual DNA sequence
What do errors in replication result in; what can this be affected by
mutations; by natural selections
What are proteins of the cell
workhorse of the cell
What 4 things do proteins do in the cells
enzymatic
contribute to cell structure and act as surface receptors
provide immunity
receptors or proteins on cell membrane react to different stimuli
Define amino acids
basic building block of proteins, bond together to make peptides, all proteins have the same “backbone” with unique side chains
How many amino acids are there that are essential to life
20
How do amino acids differ
from the side groups
What is an enzyme
proteins that are biocatalyst (decrease activation energy)
What does polymerase do
enzyme that increase more DNA and RNA
What does beta-lactamases do
enzyme that inactivates penicillins
What does protein sequences allow? Form follows _______
allow complex folding patterns; function
What is the most important outcome of bonding and folding
each different protein develops is correct and unique shape so that it only reacts with the correct molecules and only does its one specific job in the cell
What can hydroxyl groups be found in?
alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids
What can carboxyl groups be found in?
fatty acids, proteins, organic acids
What can amino groups be found in
proteins and nuclein acids
What can phosphate groups be found in
nucleic acids, ATP
What do inorganics usually not have
both C and H
What makes up a triglycerides
fatty acids and glycerol
What makes up phospholipids
fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate
What makes up steriods
ringed structures
What makes up waxes
fatty acids and alcohols
What are the macromolecules of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, and waxes
What are the macromolecules of carbohydrates
mono- di- poly- saccharides
What are the macromolecules of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
What are the macromolecules of proteins
polypeptides
________ is in cell walls of plants
cellulose
_________ of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
_____ sugars make up nucleic acids
simple
What creates the unique qualities of each living thing
proteins
What is ATP made up of
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate
