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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a covalent bond

A

When electrons are shared

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2
Q

Define an ionic bond

A

When electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

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3
Q

Define a hydrogen bond

A

2 different molecules bonded together (when one of the two is a hydrogen atom)

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4
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

oxidation and reduction rxn

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5
Q

Define bioelement

A

very specific subset of the elements essential for life as we know it

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6
Q

organic compounds are covalently bonded to what

A

carbon

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7
Q

hydroxyls look like what

A

R–O–H

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8
Q

Examples of hydroxyls for microbiology

A

alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids

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9
Q

examples of carboxyls for mircobiology

A

fatty acids, proteins, organic acids

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10
Q

examples of amino groups for microbiology

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

examples of phosphate groups for microbiology

A

nucleic acids, atp

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12
Q

Define macromolecules

A

large compounds assembled from smaller subunites

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13
Q

define monomer

A

a repeating subunit

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14
Q

define polymer

A

a chain of monomers

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15
Q

all cells are ___ ______ encapsulated in a lipid bilayer that contains biomolecules, water, ions, and other chemicals essential for life

A

biological solutions

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16
Q

What do lipids do

A

protect membrane
energy storage
communication

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17
Q

What do nucleic acids do

A

contain genetic information

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18
Q

What do carbohydrates do

A

energy
energy storage
structural support
building blocks

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19
Q

What do proteins do

A

breakdown of substances
structural support
transport
communication

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20
Q

Define lipids

A

organic compounds with many non polar covalent bonds, making them poorly soluble in water

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21
Q

Lipids are

A

hydrophobic

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22
Q

What do lipids make up in the membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer in all cell membranes

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23
Q

What two types of molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion

A

small non polar molecules, such as O2 and CO2
small, polar molecules such as h2O

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24
Q

What is the basic structure of carbs

A

backbone of carbon
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
generally soluble in water

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25
Q

How does a carb add up

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

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26
Q

Function of carbs

A

storage for energy and metabolism in all cells
cell wall structure provides strength and protection
simple sugars make up nucleic acids

27
Q

What is a nucleotide monomer

A

basic building block of DNA and RNA

28
Q

What makes up a nucleic acid

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate

29
Q

What determines the information carried on the nucleotide strand

A

the order of the nitrogenous base

30
Q

What’s the funciton of DNA

A

hereditary material

31
Q

What’s the function of RNA

A

organize protein synthesis, gene regulations, ribosomes, can be viral genetic information

32
Q

Define DNA replication

A

copy the DNA sequences

33
Q

When is each strand copied

A

at the same time, guided by base pairing and the end result is two separate and equal double helices

34
Q

Define mutations

A

any change to usual DNA sequence

35
Q

What do errors in replication result in; what can this be affected by

A

mutations; by natural selections

36
Q

What are proteins of the cell

A

workhorse of the cell

37
Q

What 4 things do proteins do in the cells

A

enzymatic
contribute to cell structure and act as surface receptors
provide immunity
receptors or proteins on cell membrane react to different stimuli

38
Q

Define amino acids

A

basic building block of proteins, bond together to make peptides, all proteins have the same “backbone” with unique side chains

39
Q

How many amino acids are there that are essential to life

A

20

40
Q

How do amino acids differ

A

from the side groups

41
Q

What is an enzyme

A

proteins that are biocatalyst (decrease activation energy)

42
Q

What does polymerase do

A

enzyme that increase more DNA and RNA

43
Q

What does beta-lactamases do

A

enzyme that inactivates penicillins

44
Q

What does protein sequences allow? Form follows _______

A

allow complex folding patterns; function

45
Q

What is the most important outcome of bonding and folding

A

each different protein develops is correct and unique shape so that it only reacts with the correct molecules and only does its one specific job in the cell

46
Q

What can hydroxyl groups be found in?

A

alcohols, carbs, nucleic acids

47
Q

What can carboxyl groups be found in?

A

fatty acids, proteins, organic acids

48
Q

What can amino groups be found in

A

proteins and nuclein acids

49
Q

What can phosphate groups be found in

A

nucleic acids, ATP

50
Q

What do inorganics usually not have

A

both C and H

51
Q

What makes up a triglycerides

A

fatty acids and glycerol

52
Q

What makes up phospholipids

A

fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate

53
Q

What makes up steriods

A

ringed structures

54
Q

What makes up waxes

A

fatty acids and alcohols

55
Q

What are the macromolecules of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, and waxes

56
Q

What are the macromolecules of carbohydrates

A

mono- di- poly- saccharides

57
Q

What are the macromolecules of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

58
Q

What are the macromolecules of proteins

A

polypeptides

59
Q

________ is in cell walls of plants

A

cellulose

60
Q

_________ of bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

61
Q

_____ sugars make up nucleic acids

A

simple

62
Q

What creates the unique qualities of each living thing

A

proteins

63
Q

What is ATP made up of

A

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate

Microbiology (29 decks)

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