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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogens

A

a microbe that damages a host via infection and disease

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2
Q

A vast majority of microbes are ________ and many are essential to human life

A

harmless

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3
Q

Define microbiology

A

the specialized study of biology that studies organisms too small to the naked eye (unicelled)

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4
Q

Define microbes

A

microscopic unicellular organisms too small to see with the naked eye

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5
Q

What is considered macroscopic

A

200 um to 2 mm

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6
Q

What is considered microscopic

A

1 um to 50 um

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7
Q

what is considered ultramicroscopic

A

0.5 nm to 200nm

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8
Q

what is considered atomic

A

0.1 nm

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9
Q

most ________ fall between 200 and 10 nm in size; what is required to view them

A

viruses; need electron microscope

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10
Q

Most _________ cells fall between 10 um and 1 um in size

A

bacterial

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11
Q

What do all prokaryotic cells have

A

ribosomes, cell membrane (or body), chromosomes

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12
Q

What do some prokaryotic cells have

A

flagellum and many have cell walls

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13
Q

What do all viruses have

A

capsid, nucleic acids,

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14
Q

What do some viruses have

A

bacteriophage, envelope

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15
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells have

A

ribosomes, cell membranes, mitochondria, and nucleus

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16
Q

What do some eukaryotic cells have

A

flagellum

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17
Q

What type of cell is prokaryotes

A

single celled

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18
Q

What type of cell is eukaryotes

A

not always single celled but has organelles and nucleus

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19
Q

Why are viruses considered not alive

A

can’t reproduce on its own–they need to parasitize another living cell

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20
Q

How long ago were prokaryotic cells appearing

A

3.5 billion

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21
Q

How long ago were eukaryotic cells appearing

A

1.8 billion

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22
Q

From the oldest to youngest when did the following appear by rank
termites
reptiles
humans
mammals

A

reptiles
termites
mammals
humans

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23
Q

how many years ago were humans on earth

A

millions

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24
Q

How did we know when bacteria like cells existed

A

fossil radiodating

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25
Q

Define spontaneous generation

A

antiqued believe that life arises from non-living matter

26
Q

Why did we believe in spontaneous generation

A

lacked the technology to study microbes

27
Q

What is Anton van Leeuwenhoek attributed to

A

development of the first microscope and microbial world (calculated their sizes)

28
Q

In 1674 what did anton van leeuwenhoek discover

A

protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria

29
Q

Van leeuwenhoek’s research led to the acceptance of biogenesis and provided us with

A

examples of the early development of science-based thought

30
Q

Define hypothesis

A

early explanation that deduces facts to what can account for what has been observed

31
Q

Define deductive reasoning

A

general explanation of some phenomenon to develop a set of facts to explain that phenomenon

32
Q

Define inductive reasoning

A

one applies specific observations to develop a general explanation

33
Q

Define theory

A

collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain or account for a natural event

34
Q

Define law

A

evidence of the accuracy is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached and the theory becomes a law

35
Q

When are observations used

A

in inductive reasoning

36
Q

When are experiments used

A

when the hypothesis is valid and can allow for it

37
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation

A

louis pasteur

38
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis and who found it

A

idea that living things can only arise from other living things; louis pasteur

39
Q

What was the result of louis pasteur’s swan flask experiment

A

microbes were the cause of fermentation and making of food products but also the cause of infection

40
Q

What is pasteurization

A

sterilization of food and medical devices

41
Q

Who developed the first vaccine from actual microbes

A

pastuer

42
Q

Who solidified the germ theory

A

koch

43
Q

What did koch do

A

further advanced the ideas of pasteur by using the scientific method and working with some bacteria

44
Q

What were the steps of koch

A

isolate organism from blood of infected animal, inoculate the bacteria into healthy animal, observe that these animals now showed similar symptoms, and re isolate the same microbe

45
Q

What was the key finding of koch

A

bacteria are the causative agents of some diseases

46
Q

State the 4 koch postulates

A
  1. microbes must be found in an abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease
  2. they must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  3. they should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. they must be reisolated from the inoculated experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
47
Q

How is binomial nomenclature understood

A

genus –> species

48
Q

Define classification

A

orderly arrangement of organism’s into groups that indicate evolutionary relation

49
Q

What is the acronym for the nomenclature

A

king phillip came over for good spaghetti

50
Q

What does phylogeny tell us

A

the natural relatedness between groups of living things

51
Q

What was charles darwins main idea

A

all species of life have descended from a CA; natural selection

52
Q

Define natural selection

A

individuals of a species are more likely to survive in their environment and pass on their genes to the next generation when they inherit traits from their parents that are best suited for that specific environment

53
Q

What is the theory of evolution

A

living things gradually change over time as new generations of the organism come about

54
Q

Theory of evolution process is _________

A

selective

55
Q

Define phylogenetics

A

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms

56
Q

What do nodes tell you

A

the next ancestor

57
Q

two species are more related if they have more recent

A

CA

58
Q

The most current system is based on the genetic structure of __________

A

ribosomes in the organism

59
Q

What are the three domains in woese-fox system

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

60
Q

closely related organisms have similar what? and why?

A

features because they have evolved from common ancestral forms

61
Q

Why are viruses not included in the most recent phylogenetic trees

A

they’re not cells and have no ribosomes

Microbiology (29 decks)

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