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Microbiology > Chapter 13 content > Flashcards

Chapter 13 content Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define human microbiota

A

all the microbes that reside on or with human tissue or fluids

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2
Q

Microbiome

A

describes the collective genomes of the microbes that reside in an ecological niche

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3
Q

What is the ratio of microbiome

A

Microbe: human cell

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4
Q

When are humans fully sterile

A

when unborn

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5
Q

Upon birth we acquire ________

A

microbiota

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6
Q

What percent of non human genetic material consists of endogenous retroviruses

A

8 to 10%

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7
Q

Does the microbiota fluctuate with general health

A

yes

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8
Q

The precise content of microbiota is _____________, begins at birth, and varies with age, sex, and over the lifespan of the individual

A

unique to that human

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9
Q

What are axenic conditions

A

state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organism

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10
Q

What is the significance that vitamin deficiency is in some animals

A

microbes can be a significant nutritional source of vitamins

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11
Q

What is the significance of underdevelopment of immune system in most animals

A

microbes are needed to stimulate development of certain host defenses

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12
Q

What is the significance of absence of dental caries and periodontal disease in dogs, rats, hamsters

A

microbes are key players in caries’ formation and gum disease

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13
Q

What are the three main things the microbiota do for us

A

provide essential nutrients
lead to development of healthy immune system
microbiota can protect against pathogens

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14
Q

What is the cause of infection and disease in terms of microbes

A

when there is a lack of balance between equilibrium with microbes

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15
Q

Define infection

A

microbes penetrates host defenses, invades sterile tissue organ and multiplies to cause disease

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16
Q

Define disease

A

defined as any deviation from health

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17
Q

Define infectious disease

A

infection causing damage/disruption to tissues or organ by microbes or their products

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18
Q

Define pathogens

A

organism capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

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19
Q

Define opportunistic pathogens

A

not pathogenic to a normal healthy person, also organism causing disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or they grow in a part of the body not natural to them

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20
Q

how are infectious disease different from normal disease

A

communicable from person to person and will cause same disease

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21
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

ability of a microbes to establish itself in the host and cause damage/disease

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22
Q

Define virulence

A

the degree to which an organism is pathogenic, it determines a microbes abiltiy to establish itself and cause damage

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23
Q

Define virulence factor

A

genetically encoded structures, characteristics or products of the microbe that contribute to the infection or disease state

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24
Q

What are invasin

A

establishment of an alien microbial type in a resident community

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25
Q

what are virulence factors

A

invasin
vi antigen
endotoxin
exo enzyme

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26
Q

Define endotoxin

A

toxin present in a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates

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27
Q

What is an exoenzyme

A

excreted enzyme

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28
Q

What is the most lethal toxin known

A

C botulinum exotoxin

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29
Q

describe what C botulinum looks like

A

large protein with many subunits

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30
Q

Where does C botulinum bind to

A

binds selectively and irreversibly to nerve cell receptors, interfering with neural transmission by blocking the release of Ach, causing muscle paralysis

31
Q

Define toxins

A

specific chemical products of microbes that promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and disabling the immune system

32
Q

What are exotoxins

A

proteins with a strong specificity for a target cell and extremely powerful, deadly effects, by damaging the cell membrane and initiating lysis or disrupting intracellular function

33
Q

What are exotoxins produced by

A

bacteria and fungi

34
Q

What are hemolysins

A

exotoxins that cause lysis of red blood cells

35
Q

What does the exotoxin C. botulinum do

A

interfere with transmission of nerve muscle stimuli

36
Q

What does C. tetani exotoxins do

A

block the action of certain spinal neurons

37
Q

Do viruses produce toxins

A

no

38
Q

Define symptom

A

subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

39
Q

Define assymptomatic

A

infections that do not produce overt indication

40
Q

define syndrome

A

when a disease can be identified or described by a defined collection of signs and symptoms

41
Q

What are signs

A

evidence of disease by an observer

42
Q

Define incubation period

A

time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms

43
Q

Define prodromal stage

A

vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints

44
Q

Define period of invasion

A

mulitplies at high levels, becomes well established, more specific signs and symptoms

45
Q

Define convalescent period

A

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline; in an event that the patient does not recover and dies the infection is terminal

46
Q

What does it mean when disease is communicable

A

capable of spreading person to person

47
Q

Define contagious

A

how easy an infectious disease spreads from person to person

48
Q

What does the severity of contagion depend on

A

pathogen and mode of transmission

49
Q

T/F infectious disease can be contagious during any stage of disease

A

T

50
Q

which periods of disease are more likely to be associated with transmissibility

A

depends on the pathogen

51
Q

Define nosocomial infection

A

infections acquired during a hospital/clinical visit that was not there originally

52
Q

What does duration of infection depend on

A

pathogen
immune response
medical treatment received

53
Q

Define acute infeciton

A

rapid onset with severe but short lived effects

54
Q

Define chronic infection

A

infections that progress and persist over long periods of time

55
Q

Define latent infection

A

casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication and therefore no host symptoms and signs

56
Q

Which portal is most used by pathogens

A

respiratory

57
Q

Define infectious dose

A

minimum number of microbes to cause disease

58
Q

Bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens attach most often by appendages and surface structure such as

A

fimbriae, pili, or adhesive slimes

59
Q

Define adhesion

A

microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; depend on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen

60
Q

What do virulensce factos directly contribute to with phase 3

A

tissue damage

61
Q

What is the initial response of phase 3

A

white blood cells called phagocytes

62
Q

Following invasion, successful multiplication of the pathogen leads to

A

infection

63
Q

What is systemic infection

A

throughout the body

64
Q

What is focal infection

A

breaks loose and disseminates

65
Q

What is polymicrobial or mixed infection

A

more than one species

66
Q

Define primary infection

A

can practically be viewed as the root cause of an individuals current problem

67
Q

Define secondary infection

A

complication of the primary infection

68
Q

Define latency

A

after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease that may or may not shed during the latent stage

69
Q

Define carrier

A

individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others

70
Q

incubation carriers

A

spread during incubation period

71
Q

convalescent carriers

A

reoperating without symptoms

72
Q

chronic carrier

A

individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period

73
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health related factors in defined human populations

Microbiology (29 decks)

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