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Microbiology > Chapter 14 content > Flashcards

Chapter 14 content Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the primary functions of the human immune system

A

survellance
recognize self from non self
destroy the nonself material

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2
Q

is innate immunity genetically encoded

A

yes

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3
Q

How does innate immunity defend

A

block the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agents (living or not)

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4
Q

Innate immunity has _____________ recognition of pathogens

A

non specific

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5
Q

Innate immune system: to protect against pathogens, the immune system relies on an ______ ______ of host defenses that operate on many levels

A

overlapping network

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6
Q

innate immunity involved ________ barriers

A

physical

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7
Q

innate immunity involves _________ chemical defenses

A

non-specific

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8
Q

Why are lyzozymes antimicrobial

A

they cleave PT resulting in osmotic lysis of bacterial cells

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9
Q

What antimicrobial things do tears and saliva contain

A

lysozyme and defensins

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10
Q

Define cytokines

A

signalling proteins fort the immune system

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11
Q

When a cytokine binds to its target receptor, the effect can _______ _______ depending on the type of cytokine and type of cell

A

vary widely

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12
Q

Define interluekin

A

modulate almost every function of the immune system

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13
Q

Define chemokin

A

recruit leukocytes to the site of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation

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14
Q

Define interferons

A

especially important in our defense against viruses

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15
Q

What specifically do interferons interfere with

A

viral replication

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16
Q

all blood cells form from ______ ______ in the bone marrow

A

stem cells

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17
Q

blood cell generation occurs throughout

A

life

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18
Q

some blood cells are tissue ________ others circulate in the blood and respond to tissue damge in to chemical signals

A

specific

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19
Q

what part of bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types

A

red bone marrow

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20
Q

If pathogens are not quickly eliminated they can

A

spread throughout the body

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21
Q

Define bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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22
Q

Define viremia

A

viruses in the blood

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23
Q

Define septicemia

A

bacteria reproducing in the blood as they spread

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24
Q

Define toxemia

A

microbial toxins in the blood

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25
Q

Define vector

A

an animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from host to host

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26
Q

Who are the majority of vectors

A

arthropods such as fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks

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27
Q

Define hematopoiesis and stem cells differentiation

A

programmed set of steps modulated by growth factors

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28
Q

What do monocytes do

A

phagocytes, rapily leave circulation to mature into other cell types

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29
Q

What do monocytes become

A

macrophages or dendritic cells

30
Q

what do macrophages do

A

ingest and kill foreign cells, required for specific immune reactions

31
Q

What do dendritic cells do

A

related to macrophages, involved in early immune reactions with foreign matter

32
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

active engulfers and killer of bacteria

33
Q

What are the immune cells involved in adaptive immunity

A

t cells
b cells
natural killer cells

34
Q

During infection the number of WBC ________ and many more can be found in circulating in the blood

A

increase

35
Q

White blood cells called ________ attack and ingest the microbes in non specific manner

A

phagocytes perfor or phagocytosis

36
Q

Leukocytes display special molecules on their membranes known as

A

pattern recognition receptors

37
Q

PRR are encoded in

A

germline of host AKA toll like receptors

38
Q

The PRR’s of leukocytes recognize

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

39
Q

The PAMPs recognized by leukocytes are the types of molecules that are shared by _____ microbes and act as red falgs that signal WBC

A

many

40
Q

Why are some PRR’s inside the cells

A

to target pathogens that become internalized

41
Q

What is the benefit of the PRR response in innate immunity

A

this type of recognition is not specific or selective for a single type of microbe, only need to produce a small number of PRR’s to recognize

42
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

ingestion and destruction of WBCs

43
Q

lymph nodes

A

filter the lymph fluid

44
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filters the blood

45
Q

what is bone marrow

A

primary lymph tissue

46
Q

what do lymph vessels do

A

carry lymph

47
Q

the lymphatic system is directly linked to

A

circulatory system

48
Q

cells involved in innate immunity are called ________ and they form from _________-

A

WBC or leukocytes; stem cells

49
Q

They have ______ on their surface that recognize many microbes by their ________

A

PRR; PAMP

50
Q

Through the proess of ______ the WBC internalizes foreign material or pathogens and destroys them

A

phagocytosis

51
Q

After phagocytosis, _________ expell debris or die whereas ________ and _______ present antigen derived from the degraded material

A

neutrophils; macrophages and dendritic cells

52
Q

Define lymphatic system

A

part of the circulatory system with vessels, cells, and accessory organs

53
Q

Define lymph

A

plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation

54
Q

Define thymus gland

A

two lobes in the pharyngeal region near the tip of the sternum, required in children for proper WBC development which help your body fight disease and infections

55
Q

Define lymph nodes

A

small, encapsulated, bean-shaped at various locations in the body, specialized for filtering out material in the lymph and contain WBC to fight infections

56
Q

What is the spleen

A

serves as a filter for blood and remove worn out RBC; also filters pathogens from the blood to be phagocytosed by macrphages

57
Q

What happens when a pathogen is filtered by the lymph nodes

A

targeted for phagocytosis

58
Q

______ is a reaction to traumatic events in the tissues (away from normal) that attempts to restore homeostasis

A

inflammation

59
Q

Inflammation and fever is a

A

normal and necessary process to clear away invading microbes and cellular debris left by immune reactions

60
Q

excessive inflammation can result

A

in local tissue damage and may become deadly

61
Q

What will initiate an inflammatory response

A

mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine to initiate inflammatory response

62
Q

What are cardinal signs of inflammation

A

(SHARP)
swelling
heat
adhered function
redness
pain

63
Q

Define acute inflammation

A

resolves in days/weeks and results in tissue repair

64
Q

If inflammation is not quelled what will happen

A

self damage leading to rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, shock

65
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

leads to changes where leukocytes are repeatedly deposited in new CT at the site of inflammation, causing permanent damage

66
Q

Define fever

A

abnormally high body temperatures

67
Q

what is the body temp usually controlled by

A

control center in the hypothalamus region of the brain; thermostat regulates temperature around 37

68
Q

bacterial, viral, and host _________ production resets the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction

A

pyrogen

69
Q

What are the 2 benefits of fever

A
  1. increase temperature make growth conditions less favorable
  2. stimulates immune system further
70
Q

Why do we get chills when we have a fever

A

brain –> be 101
blood –> 99

71
Q

Unlike innate immunity, adaptive immunity…

A

adaptive responses are tailored to specific threats that are non-self
response time shortens with subsequent exposures to a pathogen while innate response is the same every time regardless of the pathogen or foreign substrance

Microbiology (29 decks)

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