Chapter 14 content Flashcards
What are the primary functions of the human immune system
survellance
recognize self from non self
destroy the nonself material
is innate immunity genetically encoded
yes
How does innate immunity defend
block the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agents (living or not)
Innate immunity has _____________ recognition of pathogens
non specific
Innate immune system: to protect against pathogens, the immune system relies on an ______ ______ of host defenses that operate on many levels
overlapping network
innate immunity involved ________ barriers
physical
innate immunity involves _________ chemical defenses
non-specific
Why are lyzozymes antimicrobial
they cleave PT resulting in osmotic lysis of bacterial cells
What antimicrobial things do tears and saliva contain
lysozyme and defensins
Define cytokines
signalling proteins fort the immune system
When a cytokine binds to its target receptor, the effect can _______ _______ depending on the type of cytokine and type of cell
vary widely
Define interluekin
modulate almost every function of the immune system
Define chemokin
recruit leukocytes to the site of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation
Define interferons
especially important in our defense against viruses
What specifically do interferons interfere with
viral replication
all blood cells form from ______ ______ in the bone marrow
stem cells
blood cell generation occurs throughout
life
some blood cells are tissue ________ others circulate in the blood and respond to tissue damge in to chemical signals
specific
what part of bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types
red bone marrow
If pathogens are not quickly eliminated they can
spread throughout the body
Define bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
Define viremia
viruses in the blood
Define septicemia
bacteria reproducing in the blood as they spread
Define toxemia
microbial toxins in the blood
Define vector
an animal or insect that transmits a pathogen from host to host
Who are the majority of vectors
arthropods such as fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks
Define hematopoiesis and stem cells differentiation
programmed set of steps modulated by growth factors
What do monocytes do
phagocytes, rapily leave circulation to mature into other cell types
What do monocytes become
macrophages or dendritic cells
what do macrophages do
ingest and kill foreign cells, required for specific immune reactions
What do dendritic cells do
related to macrophages, involved in early immune reactions with foreign matter
What do neutrophils do
active engulfers and killer of bacteria
What are the immune cells involved in adaptive immunity
t cells
b cells
natural killer cells
During infection the number of WBC ________ and many more can be found in circulating in the blood
increase
White blood cells called ________ attack and ingest the microbes in non specific manner
phagocytes perfor or phagocytosis
Leukocytes display special molecules on their membranes known as
pattern recognition receptors
PRR are encoded in
germline of host AKA toll like receptors
The PRR’s of leukocytes recognize
pathogen associated molecular patterns
The PAMPs recognized by leukocytes are the types of molecules that are shared by _____ microbes and act as red falgs that signal WBC
many
Why are some PRR’s inside the cells
to target pathogens that become internalized
What is the benefit of the PRR response in innate immunity
this type of recognition is not specific or selective for a single type of microbe, only need to produce a small number of PRR’s to recognize
What is phagocytosis
ingestion and destruction of WBCs
lymph nodes
filter the lymph fluid
what does the spleen do
filters the blood
what is bone marrow
primary lymph tissue
what do lymph vessels do
carry lymph
the lymphatic system is directly linked to
circulatory system
cells involved in innate immunity are called ________ and they form from _________-
WBC or leukocytes; stem cells
They have ______ on their surface that recognize many microbes by their ________
PRR; PAMP
Through the proess of ______ the WBC internalizes foreign material or pathogens and destroys them
phagocytosis
After phagocytosis, _________ expell debris or die whereas ________ and _______ present antigen derived from the degraded material
neutrophils; macrophages and dendritic cells
Define lymphatic system
part of the circulatory system with vessels, cells, and accessory organs
Define lymph
plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation
Define thymus gland
two lobes in the pharyngeal region near the tip of the sternum, required in children for proper WBC development which help your body fight disease and infections
Define lymph nodes
small, encapsulated, bean-shaped at various locations in the body, specialized for filtering out material in the lymph and contain WBC to fight infections
What is the spleen
serves as a filter for blood and remove worn out RBC; also filters pathogens from the blood to be phagocytosed by macrphages
What happens when a pathogen is filtered by the lymph nodes
targeted for phagocytosis
______ is a reaction to traumatic events in the tissues (away from normal) that attempts to restore homeostasis
inflammation
Inflammation and fever is a
normal and necessary process to clear away invading microbes and cellular debris left by immune reactions
excessive inflammation can result
in local tissue damage and may become deadly
What will initiate an inflammatory response
mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine to initiate inflammatory response
What are cardinal signs of inflammation
(SHARP)
swelling
heat
adhered function
redness
pain
Define acute inflammation
resolves in days/weeks and results in tissue repair
If inflammation is not quelled what will happen
self damage leading to rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, shock
Define chronic inflammation
leads to changes where leukocytes are repeatedly deposited in new CT at the site of inflammation, causing permanent damage
Define fever
abnormally high body temperatures
what is the body temp usually controlled by
control center in the hypothalamus region of the brain; thermostat regulates temperature around 37
bacterial, viral, and host _________ production resets the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction
pyrogen
What are the 2 benefits of fever
- increase temperature make growth conditions less favorable
- stimulates immune system further
Why do we get chills when we have a fever
brain –> be 101
blood –> 99
Unlike innate immunity, adaptive immunity…
adaptive responses are tailored to specific threats that are non-self
response time shortens with subsequent exposures to a pathogen while innate response is the same every time regardless of the pathogen or foreign substrance
