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Microbiology > Chapter 11 notes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbes are _______

A

ubiquitous

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2
Q

Are most environments sterile or not sterile

A

not sterile

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3
Q

Define fomite

A

any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents, can transfer disease to a new host

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4
Q

What can be found in drinking water

A

numerous diseases are from pathogens found in drinking water

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5
Q

What is the process of boiling water for disinfection

A

exposure of materials to 30+ minutes in boiling water will kill most non-spore forming pathogens

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6
Q

What is the mode of action for boiling water for disinfection

A

denature proteins and alter cell membranes

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7
Q

Will boiling water sterlize?

A

NO just disinfect

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8
Q

What can survive boiling water

A

Endospores

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9
Q

Will a fridge filter remove pathogens from…

Euk

Pro

Virus

A

most

most

no

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10
Q

What is the process of filtration

A

strain fluid or air through a porous membrane to physically remove microbes

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11
Q

What is the mode of action of filtration

A

physical separation, not destroying the microbe

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12
Q

Filtration is used to sterilize heat sensitive ______ and ________ in hospital isolation units

A

liquids; air

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13
Q

Filtration is used in water ____

A

purification

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14
Q

Define contaminant

A

microbes present that are undesirable or unwanted

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15
Q

What 3 things influence how clean is clean

A
  1. object of interest
  2. application for object
  3. potential pathogens that may infect the item, their level of resistance to control methods
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16
Q

What are the physical methods of microbial control

A

heat
filtration
desiccation
radiation
cold

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17
Q

What are the two types of chemical methods of microbial control

A

chemo/drugs
biocides

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18
Q

What 2 microbes are highest level of resistance

A

prions
bacterial endospores

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19
Q

Define prions

A

protein infectious particles

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20
Q

What are the microbes in the moderate resistance level

A

protozoan cysts
naked viruses
bacteria with no endospore but resistant walls (staphyloccocus)

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21
Q

What are the microbes in the least resistant level

A

most bacterial vegetative cells
fungal spores and hyphae
protozoan trophozoite
enveloped viruses
yeast

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22
Q

Define anthrax spores

A

a protective layer called endospore by which it can remain inactive for many years and under suitable environmental condition it can revive and become infectious

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23
Q

No microbial adaptation or cellular structure can compare to the resiliency of the _______ ________ (or _____ _____)

A

bacterial endospore; simple spore

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24
Q

Is an endospore considered “dead”

A

metabolically inert but can become vegetative cell

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25
Q

Define sterilization

A

process that destroys all viable endospores

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26
Q

Define microbial death

A

loss of reproductive capacity

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27
Q

What is the microbial death curve

A

describes the process, often plotted as semilog function

death continues in a log manner as time of exposure increases

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28
Q

The amount of time it takes for a specific protocol to produce a one order of magnitude decrease in the number of organisms or dealth of 90% of the population is called

A

decimal reduction time or D-value

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29
Q

Define microbial load

A

the size of the microbial population, also can be thought of as the total number of microbes at the beginning of a disinfection treatment

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30
Q

Define filtration

A

separation process the removes larger molecules or cells from air or liquids

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31
Q

Define incineration

A

the destruction of microbes by burning or turning to ash

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32
Q

Define germination

A

the process of something becoming metabolically active again (e.g. endospore becoming a vegetative cell)

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33
Q

these chemical control agents can be used in antisepsis products and consist of a small organic compound containing an OH group

A

alcohols

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34
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is an example of this

A

peroxygens

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35
Q

What is sepsis

A

growth of microbes in human blood and other tissues

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36
Q

What is microbicide

A

agent aimed at killing or destroying microbes; general term to include all microbes

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37
Q

What is an autoclave

A

a piece of equipment that uses high temperatures, steam, and pressure to control microbial growth

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38
Q

examples of this include cl2, NaOCl, and I2

A

halogens

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39
Q

What is the surfactant used in a variety of washing and cleaning products

A

soap

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40
Q

What is the process of making something free from microbes, viruses, and endospores, destroying any possibility of viability in the process

A

sterilization

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41
Q

What is a vegetative cell

A

endospore revitalized when favorable conditions arise, they break dormancy and become this

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42
Q

What is the permanent loss of reproductive capacity for a microbe, even under optimal growth conditions called

A

microbial death

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43
Q

Formalin is an example of this and is commonly used to preserve biological specimens

A

aldehydes

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44
Q

What are agents that halt microbial growth without killing the cells, growth may resume if the control agents are removed

A

microbistatic

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45
Q

What is the method of microbial control originally developed by louis pasteur

A

pasteurization

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46
Q

What is the use of a physical process or chemical agent to destroy most microbes called

A

disinfection

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47
Q

These are widely used chemical control agents, chemical features include a benzene ring with an OH group

A

phenolics

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48
Q

What is the cleansing technique that removes debris, soil, microbes, and toxins and in this way reduces the potential for infection and spoilage, this technique may not directly target the microbe but still can result in control of its growth

A

sanitization

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49
Q

This is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria to withstand extreme or harsh environmental conditions

A

Endospore

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50
Q

What is the use of edible chemicals to prevent microbial growth in food called

A

preservatives

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51
Q

What is the agents that kill microbes and explode the cells in the process

A

Microbilytic

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52
Q

WHat is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization called

A

radiation

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53
Q

What is the goal in disinfection

A

to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores

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54
Q

Disinfection usually occurs on __________ things

A

non-living things

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55
Q

Define antisepsis

A

use of chemicals on skin or human tissues to inhibit or eliminate microbial growth but not equal to sterilization

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56
Q

Germicides are agents that kill pathogenic microbes and can be on ______ living and non living things

A

can

57
Q

For temperature control:

temps below the minimum growth temperature is ____________

A

microbistatic

58
Q

For temperature control:

temps exceeding the maximum growth temperature is _____________

A

microbicidal

59
Q

Is moist heat or dry heat more effective

A

moist heat

60
Q

Is boiling water for disinfection sporicidal

A

no

61
Q

Is pasteurization sporicidal

A

no

62
Q

What is the mode of action for pateurization

A

denatures proteins and alters cell membrane

63
Q

What is the process of pasteurizaiton

A

use of elevated heat for prolonged time to reduce microbial load and destroy pathogens, followed by rapid cooling to minimize damage to food or liquid

64
Q

The change in environments disrupts what in regards to protein denaturing

A

protein shape and function

65
Q

What is the mode of action of autoclaves

A

denature proteins and alter cell membrane

66
Q

What is the process of incineration

A

use of a flame or electric heating coil to ignite and reduces microbes to ashes and gas

67
Q

What is the mode of action of incineration

A

destroy by burning

68
Q

inoculation loop through a flame is an example of incineration (T/F)

A

T

69
Q

What is the process of ovens

A

heath to 180 C for 2 to 4 hours

70
Q

What is the mode of action of ovens

A

dehydration, denatures proteins, and alters membranes

71
Q

Is incineration sporicidal

A

yes

72
Q

are ovens sporicidal

A

yes at prolonged time

73
Q

Define food poisoning

A

disease caused by injecting contaminated food

74
Q

What is the type of food poisoning for exoproduct produced by microbes causes diesase

A

food intoxication

75
Q

What is the type of food poisoning for microbe itself cause disease

A

food infection

76
Q

Can the following be microbes that are food-borne pathogens

bacteria
protozoa
viruses
algae

A

yes
yes
yes
usually no

77
Q

What are the 4 good practices to reduce incorporation of potentially pathogenic microbes into food

A

clean
separate
cook
chill

78
Q

What is the mode of action of cold

A

inhibits metabolism (slows or arrests cell division)–freezing may lyse cells

79
Q

What is the process of desiccation

A

dry out the sample

80
Q

What is the mode of action of desiccation

A

water is essential for metabolism and survival

81
Q

Is desiccation effective

A

not really

82
Q

Define radiation

A

energy emitted from atomic particles and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space

83
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or a molecule by detaching electrons from them

84
Q

What are examples of ionizing radiation

A

nuclear radiation, gamma rays, x-rays

85
Q

What is the process of ionizing radiation

A

shine radiation source on sample or expose sample to EM waves

86
Q

What is the mode of action of ionizing radiation

A

strong enough to pass into the cell where it alters molecular structure and damages cell component (double stranded breaks in DNA)

87
Q

Ionizing radiation has ____________ power

A

high penetrating

88
Q

Is ionizing radiation sporicidal

A

yes

89
Q

What are examples of non ionizing radiation

A

UV light or sunlight

90
Q

What is the mode of action of non ionizing radiation

A

introduces thymine dimers leading to DNA mutation

91
Q

Non ionizing radiation has ___________ power

A

low penetrating

92
Q

is non ionizing radiation sporicidal

A

yes

93
Q

What is an example of non ionizing a liquid

A

UV water treatment

94
Q

What is the target microbes for chlorine

A

sporicidal (slowly)

95
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity for chlorine

A

intermediate

96
Q

What is the level of toxicity for chlorine

A

gas is highly toxic; solution irritates skin

97
Q

what is chlorine inactivated by and when is it unstable

A

inactivated by organics; unstable in sunlight

98
Q

What is the target microbes for iodine

A

sporicidal (slowly)

99
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity for iodine

A

Intermediate

100
Q

What is the toxicity for iodine

A

can irritate tissue; toxic if ingested

101
Q

What is the target microbe of phenolics

A

some bacteria, viruses, fungi

102
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity of phenolics

A

low to intermediate

103
Q

What is the toxicity of phenolics

A

can be absorbed by skin; can cause CNS damage

104
Q

What is the target microbes of alcohols

A

most bacteria, viruses, fungi

105
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity of alcohols

A

intermediate

106
Q

What is the toxicity of alcohols

A

toxic if ingested; a mild irritant; dries skin

107
Q

What is the target microbes of hydrogen peroxide

A

sporicidal

108
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide

A

high (sterilant)

109
Q

What is the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide

A

toxic to eyes; toxic if ingested

110
Q

What is the target microbe soaps

A

certain very sensitive species

111
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity of soaps

A

very low

112
Q

What is the toxicity of soaps

A

nontoxic; few if any toxic effects

113
Q

What is the target microbe of ethylene oxide gas

A

sporicidal

114
Q

What is the level of germicidal activity of soaps

A

high (sterilant)

115
Q

What is the toxicity of ethylene oxide gas

A

very dangerous to eyes, lungs, carcinogenic

116
Q

What is the mode of action of halogens

A

oxidation and breaks down proteins, damages DNA, RNA, and fatty acids

117
Q

What is the mode of alcohols

A

work by rapidly denaturing proteins (which inhibits cell metabolism) and by disrupting membranes (which leads to cell lysis)

118
Q

What is the mode of aldehydes

A

kill by alkylating proteins and DNA

119
Q

What is the mode of action of peroxygens

A

produce highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals that damage protein and DNA while also decomposing to O2 gas–toxic to anaerobes

120
Q

What is the mode of action of gases (ethylene oxide)

A

alkylating DNA, RNA, and protein

121
Q

What is the mode of action of soaps and detergents

A

surfactants insert in the lipids bilayer and disrupt it to create abnormal channels that alter permeability and cause leakages

122
Q

Would surfactants be more disruptive against enveloped or unenveloped viruses

A

enveloped

123
Q

What chemicals could be added to soaps to make them “germicidal”

A

phenolics

124
Q

What is the mode of action of preservatives

A

often weak acids that disrupt membrane functions, also solutes like salt and sugar produce conditions of high osmolarity

125
Q

What do antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals do

A

they are toxic or inhibits growth to a very specific and selective group of microbes

126
Q

Antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals are usually __________ products

A

natural

127
Q

What do antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals target

A

target the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation

128
Q

How would we sterlize room air

A

filtration

129
Q

How would we sterilize heat sensitive drugs

A

radiation

130
Q

How would we sterilize a pot of soil

A

gamma radiation

131
Q

How would we sterilize a pot of soil

A

gamma radiation

132
Q

How would we sterlize cloth dressings

A

radiation

133
Q

How would we sterilize a glass bottle with media

A

autoclave

134
Q

How would we sterilize fruit juice

A

pasteurization

135
Q

Spores are _____________ to disinfectants because the spore coat and cortex act as a barrier

A

resistant

136
Q

What makes bacteria more resistant to antimicrobials than the same bacteria

A

biofilms

137
Q

Mycobacteria have a ______ cell wall that prevents disinfectant entry

A

waxy

138
Q

more time means it can be __________ effective

A

more

Microbiology (29 decks)

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