Chapter 9

Question 1

Describe the inflammatory response

Answer 1

-Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized tissue to injury. Inflammation generally localizes and eliminates microbes,foreign particles, and abnormal cells and paves the way for injured tissue

Question 2

Describe acute inflammation?

Answer 2

-Short
-Last minutes to days
-Characteried by exudation of fluid and plasma components and emigration of leukocytes into extravascular tissue

Question 3

Describe chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

-Longer duration
-Can last days to years
-Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages ,proliferation of blood vessels, fibrotic and tissue necrosis

Question 4

What are two major components that acute inflammation involves?

Answer 4

1. Vascular- increased blood flow
2. Cellular- Migration of leukocytes

Question 5

**Local reaction
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

1. Redness
   2.Swelling
   3.Pain
   4.Heat
   This phase is called acute response phase

Question 6

**Cells of acute inflammation
What is the responsibility of platlets?

Answer 6

-Responsible for hemostasis. When activated -Proteins are released, mainly inflammatory mediators

Question 7

**Cells of acute inflammation
What do neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages do?

Answer 7

They are phagocytic

Question 8

**Cells of acute inflammation
What are Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells responsible for ?

Answer 8

Lipid mediators and cytokine production that induce inflammation

Question 9

Describe the vascular stage?

Answer 9

-Changes involved the arterioles, capillaries, and venules of microcirculation and begin soon after injury.
-Changes include vasodilation, changes in blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and leakage of fluid into extravascular tissue

Question 10

What are the earliest manifestations of inflammation?

Answer 10

Vasodilation
-The result would be temporary constriction of arterioles
-The next step is increased permeability, with outpouring of fluid into extracellular spaces

Question 11

What is the goal of inflammation?

Answer 11

-To localize the spread of of infectious microorganism
Osmotic pressure is reduced in the capillary and increased the interstitial fluid. The change aids in moving fluid into tissues and produces swelling, plan and impaired function
-It will also dilute teh offending agent

Question 12

What are three types of vascular response patterns?

Answer 12

1) Immediate transient
-Seen with minor injury and starts at time of injury and ends 30 mins
2)Immediate sustained response
-Seen with more serious injury.It starts after injury occurs and ends several days later
3)Delayed hemodynamic response
-Seen with radiation injury
-Starts after after direct exposure to injurious agent and ends delayed endothelial cell damage

Question 13

What are characteristics of the cellular stage?

Answer 13

Changes in the endothelial cellular lining vasculature and movement of leukocytes into the area of infection

Question 14

What are the sequences involved with cellular stage?

Answer 14

1) Margination and adhesion to endothelium-leukocytes concentrate along endothelium wall-Cytokines then cause the leukocytes to adhere
2)Transmigration across the endothelium-Once adhesion occurs endothelial cells can separate and migrate across cell wall into tissue spaces
3)Chemotaxis-Energy -directed process of cell migration. Direct movement of leukocytes to site of infection
4) Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis- monocytes , neurtophils and tissue macrophages are activated to engulf and destroy bacteria

Question 15

**Inflammatory mediators
What does histamine do?

Answer 15

First mediators released during acute inflammatory reaction; -Transient phased of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammatory response

Question 16

**Inflammatory mediators
What do with arachidonic acid metabolites do?

Answer 16

Initiates series of reactions that lead to production of inflammatory mediators

Question 17

**Inflammatory mediators
What do with platlets(Activating factors) do?

Answer 17

Activates neutrophils, induces platelet aggregation, attracts eosinophils

Question 18

**Inflammatory mediators
What do plasma proteins do?

Answer 18

Part of the vascular phase of inflammation during the final step of the clotting process

Question 19

**Inflammatory mediators
What does cytokines and chemokines do ?

Answer 19

-Chemokines act in acute and chronic inflammation by mediating inflammation
-Chemokines recruit and direct migration of immune and inflammatory cells

Question 20

**Inflammatory mediators
What does Nitric oxide do?

Answer 20

Relax smooth muscle, prevent platelet adhesions and aggregation, prevents degranulation and recruits leukocytes

Question 21

**Inflammatory mediators
What does O2 derived free radicals do ?

Answer 21

They are released from the leukocytes after exposure to microbes,cytokines, immune complexes or during phagocytosis during cellular phase of inflammation

Question 22

Describe chronic inflammation?

Answer 22

-Last weeks, months, or years
-Develop from recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or low grade fever
-

Question 23

How does systemic manifestations occur?

Answer 23

Occur when inflammatory mediators are released into circulation

Question 24

What is a frequent sign of inflammation?

Answer 24

Leukocytosis which is also increase count of WBC

Question 25

What do bacterial infections increase?

Answer 25

Neutrophils

Question 26

What do allergic responses increase ?

Answer 26

Eosinophils

Question 27

What do viral infections cause?

Answer 27

Decrease in neutrophils and increase in lymphocytes