chapter 13 Flashcards
What are functions of the nervous system?
-Controls skeletal muscle movement
-Helps regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity
-Enables the reception, integration, and perception of sensory information
-Provides support needed for intelligence, anticipation, and judgement
-Facilitates adjustment to an ever changing external environment
**Components of the nervous system
What is CNS? central nervous system
-Concentration of computational and control functions. Like it handles the thinking and managing
-Consists of brain and spinal cord(protected by skull and vertebral column)
**Components of the nervous system
What is PNS? Parasympathetic nervous system
-Functions as giving information to the CNS and helping body relax after dealing with stress
-found outside cns
What do Neurons do ?
Functional information-processing cells
What are glial cells?
Protect the nervous system and supply metabolic support
Describe energy requirements for the brain
-can not store o2 or engage in anaerobic metabolism
-Brain needs 02 and support
-Glucose can not be stored in brain
Ketones can supply temporarily
20% o2 consumption by brain
requires o2 inorder to participate in metabolism
What are action potentials ?
The movement of electrical charge along the axon and conveys information
What is afferent or sensory neurons ?
-Carry information to the CNS
What is efferent or motor neurons?
-Carry information from the CNS to the effector organs
What do gap junctions do?
Penetrate cell junction of adjoining cells and allows current to travel in either direction
**Postsynaptic potential
what is excitatory postsynaptic potential?
-Partial depolarization of the postsynaptic. allows for excitability
-Like a green light for brain cells
***Postsynaptic
inhibitory
-inhibitory causing local never membrane to become hyperpolarized and less exictable so slow
What’s the process of neurotransmission?
- Presynaptic terminal
- Synthesis, storage, and exoxytosis of neurotransmitter - Postsynaptic membrane
-Neurotransmitter recpetor - Termination of the receptor action
-Inactivation of neurotransmitter
** Nerve terminology
What is afferent?
carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to CNS, i.e., brain and spinal cord
** Nerve terminology
What is efferent?
carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body
**Nerve terminology
What is ganglia?
clusters of nerve cell, part of the PNS, carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system
**Nerve terminology
What is Association neuron?
aka interneuron connect two brain regions
**Nerve terminology
What is Cell colum?
cluster of nerves
**Nerve terminology
What is neural tract?
groups of nerve fibers which carry information between the various parts of the CNS
What are spinal nerves?
Peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the spinal cord
32 or more pairs
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 2 coccygeal
What are horns of the spinal cord?
Extension of the gray matter that form letter H
What are dorsal horns
?
Extend posterior
What are ventral horns?
Extend anteriorly
What are spinal reflexes?
Response between stimulus and subsequent motor reaction
**Spinal reflexes?
What is myotatic reflex?
-Controls muscle toe and maintain posture
-proprioception
**Spinal reflexes?
What is withdrawl reflex?
-A damaging stimulus causing quick removal of body party
-like touching fire and pulling hand away
Where are afferent and efferent motor neurons located?
-Afferent sensory neurons are located in the dorsal columns
-Efferent motor neurons are located in the ventral columns
** segments of the brain
What are segments of the brain
Frontal lobe:extends from the frontal pole to the central sulcus (fissure) and is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe: lies behind the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus) and above the lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe: lies below the lateral sulcus and merges with the parietal and occipital lobes
Occipital lobe: lies posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes and is arbitrarily separated from them
What are cranial nerves?
-Olfactory l
-Optic ll
-oculomotor lll
-Trochlear lV
-Trigeminal V
-Abducens Vl
-Facial Vll
-Auditory(vestibulocohlear) Occipital lobe: lies posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes and is arbitrarily separated from them Vlll
-Glossopharyngeal lX
-Vagus X
-accessory spinal Xl
-Hypoglossal Xll
Explain what can easily enter the brain and what can not?
-water, C02, 02 enter the brain easily
-Transport between other substances between the brain and the blood is slower and more controlled
-There is a blood-brain barrier
-There is a CSF brain barrier
**Vascular system in the brain
What is the blood brain barrier?
Barrier between blood and fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
-Selectively permeable walls of capillaries. Glucose transporters bring brain fuel
-Regulates compostions of extracellular fluid around neurons
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
-Regulating, adjusting, and coordinating vital visceral function
-Blood pressure and blood flow
-Body temperature
-Respiration
-Digestion
-Metabolism
-Elimination
**Two divisions of the ANS
What does sympathetic do?(internal and peripheral actions
-Maintains vital functions
-Responds when there is a critical threat to the integrity( fight-flight- or freeze” response
-Motor and sensory
**Two divisions of the ANS
What is parasympathetic?(Internal actions)
-Concerned with conversation of energy
-Resource replenishment
-Maintenance of organ function during inactivity
-Sensory/ motor
**Important neurotransmitter
-What is acetylcholine?
-Neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons for both ANS divisions
-Neurotransmitter for the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system
**Important neurotransmitter
What Norepinephrine and epinephrine transmitter do?
-Neurotransmitters for the sympathetic postganglionic neurons
specific to sns
Describe acetylcholine
-Involved in movement , REM sleep, learning memory
-Cholingernic reactions are implicated in alzheimer’s disease
Describe Dopamine
-Produces EPSP and IPSP, depending on the receptor
-Involved in cognition, motor activity, motivation and reinforcement
-Dopaminergic neurons are affected in parkinson’s disease
-Dopamine also involved in schizophrenia
Describe norepinephrine
-AKA nonadrenalin, noradrenergic
-Excitatory and inhibitory
-Involved in attention, arousal, stress(fight or flight)
What is limbic system responsible for that the cortext isnt ?
sense of smell
