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Pathophysiology > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of the nervous system?

A

-Controls skeletal muscle movement
-Helps regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity
-Enables the reception, integration, and perception of sensory information
-Provides support needed for intelligence, anticipation, and judgement
-Facilitates adjustment to an ever changing external environment

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2
Q

**Components of the nervous system
What is CNS? central nervous system

A

-Concentration of computational and control functions. Like it handles the thinking and managing
-Consists of brain and spinal cord(protected by skull and vertebral column)

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3
Q

**Components of the nervous system
What is PNS? Parasympathetic nervous system

A

-Functions as giving information to the CNS and helping body relax after dealing with stress
-found outside cns

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4
Q

What do Neurons do ?

A

Functional information-processing cells

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5
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Protect the nervous system and supply metabolic support

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6
Q

Describe energy requirements for the brain

A

-can not store o2 or engage in anaerobic metabolism
-Brain needs 02 and support
-Glucose can not be stored in brain
Ketones can supply temporarily
20% o2 consumption by brain
requires o2 inorder to participate in metabolism

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7
Q

What are action potentials ?

A

The movement of electrical charge along the axon and conveys information

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8
Q

What is afferent or sensory neurons ?

A

-Carry information to the CNS

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9
Q

What is efferent or motor neurons?

A

-Carry information from the CNS to the effector organs

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10
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Penetrate cell junction of adjoining cells and allows current to travel in either direction

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11
Q

**Postsynaptic potential
what is excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

-Partial depolarization of the postsynaptic. allows for excitability
-Like a green light for brain cells

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12
Q

***Postsynaptic
inhibitory

A

-inhibitory causing local never membrane to become hyperpolarized and less exictable so slow

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13
Q

What’s the process of neurotransmission?

A
  1. Presynaptic terminal
    - Synthesis, storage, and exoxytosis of neurotransmitter
  2. Postsynaptic membrane
    -Neurotransmitter recpetor
  3. Termination of the receptor action
    -Inactivation of neurotransmitter
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14
Q

** Nerve terminology
What is afferent?

A

carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to CNS, i.e., brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

** Nerve terminology
What is efferent?

A

carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

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16
Q

**Nerve terminology
What is ganglia?

A

clusters of nerve cell, part of the PNS, carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system

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17
Q

**Nerve terminology
What is Association neuron?

A

aka interneuron connect two brain regions

18
Q

**Nerve terminology
What is Cell colum?

A

cluster of nerves

19
Q

**Nerve terminology
What is neural tract?

A

groups of nerve fibers which carry information between the various parts of the CNS

20
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the spinal cord

32 or more pairs
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 2 coccygeal

21
Q

What are horns of the spinal cord?

A

Extension of the gray matter that form letter H

22
Q

What are dorsal horns
?

A

Extend posterior

23
Q

What are ventral horns?

A

Extend anteriorly

24
Q

What are spinal reflexes?

A

Response between stimulus and subsequent motor reaction

25
Q

**Spinal reflexes?
What is myotatic reflex?

A

-Controls muscle toe and maintain posture
-proprioception

26
Q

**Spinal reflexes?
What is withdrawl reflex?

A

-A damaging stimulus causing quick removal of body party
-like touching fire and pulling hand away

27
Q

Where are afferent and efferent motor neurons located?

A

-Afferent sensory neurons are located in the dorsal columns
-Efferent motor neurons are located in the ventral columns

28
Q

** segments of the brain
What are segments of the brain

A

Frontal lobe:extends from the frontal pole to the central sulcus (fissure) and is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus

Parietal lobe: lies behind the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus) and above the lateral sulcus

Temporal lobe: lies below the lateral sulcus and merges with the parietal and occipital lobes

Occipital lobe: lies posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes and is arbitrarily separated from them

29
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

-Olfactory l
-Optic ll
-oculomotor lll
-Trochlear lV
-Trigeminal V
-Abducens Vl
-Facial Vll
-Auditory(vestibulocohlear) Occipital lobe: lies posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes and is arbitrarily separated from them Vlll
-Glossopharyngeal lX
-Vagus X
-accessory spinal Xl
-Hypoglossal Xll

30
Q

Explain what can easily enter the brain and what can not?

A

-water, C02, 02 enter the brain easily
-Transport between other substances between the brain and the blood is slower and more controlled
-There is a blood-brain barrier
-There is a CSF brain barrier

31
Q

**Vascular system in the brain
What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Barrier between blood and fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
-Selectively permeable walls of capillaries. Glucose transporters bring brain fuel
-Regulates compostions of extracellular fluid around neurons

32
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-Regulating, adjusting, and coordinating vital visceral function
-Blood pressure and blood flow
-Body temperature
-Respiration
-Digestion
-Metabolism
-Elimination

33
Q

**Two divisions of the ANS
What does sympathetic do?(internal and peripheral actions

A

-Maintains vital functions
-Responds when there is a critical threat to the integrity( fight-flight- or freeze” response
-Motor and sensory

34
Q

**Two divisions of the ANS
What is parasympathetic?(Internal actions)

A

-Concerned with conversation of energy
-Resource replenishment
-Maintenance of organ function during inactivity
-Sensory/ motor

35
Q

**Important neurotransmitter
-What is acetylcholine?

A

-Neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons for both ANS divisions
-Neurotransmitter for the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system

36
Q

**Important neurotransmitter
What Norepinephrine and epinephrine transmitter do?

A

-Neurotransmitters for the sympathetic postganglionic neurons
specific to sns

36
Q

Describe acetylcholine

A

-Involved in movement , REM sleep, learning memory
-Cholingernic reactions are implicated in alzheimer’s disease

37
Q

Describe Dopamine

A

-Produces EPSP and IPSP, depending on the receptor
-Involved in cognition, motor activity, motivation and reinforcement
-Dopaminergic neurons are affected in parkinson’s disease
-Dopamine also involved in schizophrenia

38
Q

Describe norepinephrine

A

-AKA nonadrenalin, noradrenergic
-Excitatory and inhibitory
-Involved in attention, arousal, stress(fight or flight)

39
Q

What is limbic system responsible for that the cortext isnt ?

A

sense of smell

Pathophysiology (33 decks)

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