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Pathophysiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the nucleus ?

A

-Largest and most visible organelle
-Control center for the cells
-In eukaryotes cells, contains genetic information that we inherit from our parents
-Contains DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What does the mitochondria do ?

A

Help to make energy molecules that cells can use

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3
Q

What does lysosome and protesomes do ?

A

They are the cells digestive system

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4
Q

What does the ribosome do for the cell?

A

Make protein that can help other molecules needed for cell function
-site of cell synthesis

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5
Q

What is ribosome made of?

A

RNA and protein

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6
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

A intracellular fluid

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7
Q

what is Protoplasm(Intracellular fluid) contained of?

A

-Water (70-85%)
-Proteins( 10-75%)
-Lipids(2-3%)
-Carbohydrates(1%)
-Electrolytes

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8
Q

What does cytoskeleton do for the cell?

A

-Controls the cell shape and movement
and medium for chemical reaction

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane ?

A

-Lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and separates it from its surrounding external layer.
-Made of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
-Semipermeable
-Helps regulate cell growth and division

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10
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Cell membrane determine what can and can’t enter the and exit the cell.
Helps regulate cell growth and division
Cell membrane is selective semi-permeable

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11
Q

**Cell communication
What is autocrine?

A

-When the cell targets itself
-Releasing chemical into extracellular fluid that affects its own activity

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12
Q

**Cell communication
What is paracrine?

A

When a cell signals a cell nearby

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13
Q

**Cell communication
What is Endocrine?

A

A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

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14
Q

**Cell communication
What is synaptic?

A

When a cell targets a neighboring cell through gap junctions.

(Signaling occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitter act only on adjacent nerve cells.

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15
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

-Embedded into plasma membrane
-On and off switch for signaling tranduction( Transfer of genetic material from one to another)

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16
Q

What are Ion-channeled -linked receptors?

A

allow the selective passage of selected ions through the cell membrane

17
Q

What are intracellular receptor?

A

recognize an bind receptors

18
Q

What are two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

19
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Cell division that occurs in somatic cells

20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Occurs in gamete producing organs

21
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

22
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaks down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy

23
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Builds more complex molecules from simpler ones

24
Q

What are the 3 main pathways that atp is formed?

A

1.) The glycolytic pathway (anaerobic:No 02)
2.) The citric acid cycle (aerobic 02 present)
3.) The electron transport chain (aerobic 02 present)

25
Q

What is anaerobic energy metabolism glycolysis

A
  • Does not require oxygen
    -Produces 2 ATP molecules/glucose molecule
    -Pyruvate lactic acid
26
Q

What is Aerobic energy metabolism?

A

-Requires 02
-Citric cycle (krebs cycle)
-produces 34 to 36 atp molecules/glucose

27
Q

What is passive transport?

A

-Diffusion
-Along existing gradient
-Osmosis

28
Q

What is active transport?

A

-Against gradient
-Requires energy

29
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Cells absorb external material by engulfing it within the membrane

30
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

31
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell

32
Q

What is ion channels?

A

pores in the cellular membrane that allow the passage of ions across the impermeant lipid cell membrane

33
Q

What is electric potentials?

A

the energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric field.

34
Q

What are resting membrane potentials?

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state.

35
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane,

36
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

is secreted by cells and surrounds them in tissues

37
Q

What is cell junctions and cell to cell adhesions

A

Adhesion junctions are found in epithelial cells and help to connect two cells together. They are made of different anchoring proteins in the cell membrane including:

Pathophysiology (33 decks)

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