Chapter 37

Question 1

What is the third leading cause of death?

Answer 1

Colorectal cancer

Question 2

Whats the #1 complaint in the ED?

Answer 2

Abdominal pain

Question 3

What can help minimize or prevent chronic illness?

Answer 3

Keeping the GI tract healthy with proper nutrition

Question 4

What are four common complaints of abdominal disorder?

Answer 4

-Anorexia
-Nausea
-Retching
-Vomiting
They can often signal the presence of disease

Question 5

What is anorexia ?

Answer 5

Lack of appetite due to physiologic or psychologic responses or medication

Question 6

What is nausea?

Answer 6

Unpleasant feeling
subjective sensation preceding vomiting

Question 7

What is Retching?

Answer 7

Contractions of muscles like diaphragm, chest wall, and abdominal muscles
-making a effort to vomitt but nothing is coming out almost like gagging
-something may or may not come out

Question 8

What is vomiting ?

Answer 8

Action of expelling stomach contents out of body
-Reflexive exclusion of stomach contents

Question 9

What are alterations in swallowing?

Answer 9

Dysphagia
odynophagia
Achalasia

Question 10

What is dysphagia?

Answer 10

Difficulty in swallowing

Question 11

What is Odynophagia?

Answer 11

Painful swallowing

Question 12

What is achalasia?

Answer 12

Failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax
-lower esophageal Sphincter does not relax properly
this can make it difficult for food and liquids to move into the stomach

Question 13

What are the 4 local irritation and composition of contents that influence motility

Answer 13

-Diarrhea
-Constipation
-Impaction
-Obstruction

Question 14

What is Diarrhea?

Answer 14

Excessive and frequent passage of loose or unformed stool typically watery.
3 times in one day or more and large in volume

Question 15

What can diarrhea be cause by?

Answer 15

-Infection
-Food tolerance
-Drugs
-Or disease

Question 16

What are two different types of diarrhea?

Answer 16

Acute and chronic

Question 17

What is acute diarrhea?

Answer 17

-Less than two weeks
-Usually result of infection
-Could be non inflammatory or inflammatory

Question 18

What is seen in non inflammatory acute diarrhea?

Answer 18

-Large volume
-water
-non bloody stools
-cramping, bloating, nausea and vomiting

Question 19

What is seen in inflammatory acute diarrhea?

Answer 19

-Fever
-Blood diarrhea(Hematochezia) aka dysentery

Question 20

What is chronic diarrhea?

Answer 20

Four weeks or longer in duration

Question 21

What are different causes chronic diarrhea?

Answer 21

-Osmotic
-Secretory
-Inflammatory

Question 22

What is osmotic in chronic diarrhea?

Answer 22

-Excess amounts of fluid
means theres a-lot more extracellular fluid then there should be
-results in body efforts trying to get rid of the excess fluid

“water pulled into bowel by hyper osmotic contents; bowel unable to manage excess fluid”

Question 23

**Chronic diarrhea
What is secretory in chronic diarrhea?

Answer 23

excess bile acids in the colon coming from gall bladder

Question 24

What is the inflammatory problem of chronic diarrhea

Answer 24

If it has a Underlying inflammatory chronic disease

Question 25

What is constipation?

Answer 25

Infrequent, incomplete, difficult passage of stool -Greater than 3 days

Question 26

What are different types of constipation?

Answer 26

-Normal transit constipation -Slow transit constipation -chronic constipation

Question 27

What is normal transit constipation

Answer 27

Poor fluid intake, poor fiber intake or both -stool is not able to pass through bowel smoothly and efficiently -All you need to do to fix this is increase of fluid or fiber or both

Question 28

What is slow transit constipation?

Answer 28

-Directly related to alterations in motor functions of the bowel -The muscles are not able to move along like hirschsprung disease

Question 29

What is chronic constipation?

Answer 29

usually related to neurologic disorders like paraplegia

Question 30

What are common causes of constipation?

Answer 30

-Not going to the bathroom and holding onto the poop -Not enough fluid -Not enough fiber in diet -Weak abdominal muscles, not enough pressure to help push poop out -Too much inactivity or bed rest -Pregnancy and hemorrhoids because of pressure onto the colon -Drugs can be from prescription or from illicid drugs such as opioids and narcotics

Question 31

What is fecal impaction?

Answer 31

Extreme result of constipation -retention of hard, dry, puddy like rubbery stool the rectum or colon that leads to blockage of the stool

Question 32

What causes fecal impaction?

Answer 32

-Anorectal disease -tumors -neurological disease -antacids -bulk laxatives(If someone is taking bulk laxative and not intaking alor of fluid then all that fiber will make the stool more dry. -prolonged bed rest -debility

Question 33

What are signs and symptoms of fecal impaction?

Answer 33

-Severe constipation -History of watery diarrhea -Fecal soiling -fecal incontinence -Abdominal distention -blood(hematochezia) -Mucus in stool(steatorrhea) -Urinary incontinence

Question 34

What is Intestinal obstruction?

Answer 34

Impairment of movement of intestinal contents due to mechanical or paralytic causes

Question 35

What is mechanical causes?

Answer 35

-Mechanical failure (muscles are not functioning properly) Could be after hernia surgery or post operative adhesions, strictures, tumors, foreign bodies

Question 36

What are paralytic causes?

Answer 36

Neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis

Question 37

What is paralytic ileus?

Answer 37

Motor activity impairment, damages the nerves it is paralyzed and can not move

Question 38

What are signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction?

Answer 38

-Pain -Absolute constipation -Abdominal distension -Signs of dehydration -vomiting

Question 39

What intestinal malabsorption?

Answer 39

Nutrients that are digested are not utilized by the body -The nutrients and food is taken in but absorption is not happening in the small intestine

Question 40

What can cause Intestinal malabsorption

Answer 40

-Infection -medications -Small intestine surgery -Celiac disease

Question 41

what are signs and symptoms of intestinal malabsorption

Answer 41

-Diarrhea -Flatulence( Farting) -Distention -Abdominal pain or cramping -Ascities (Extraacellular fluid in abdominal space) -Weakness -Muscle wasting -Weight loss -Abdominal distention

Question 42

What can intestinal malabsrobtion also cause

Answer 42

- Body will not be able to absorb fat soluble vitamins(A,D,E and K) which will cause: -Bruising easily -Bone pain -Fractures -Tetany -Microcytic anemia (Large RBC production) -Glossitis (Inflamed tongue)

Question 43

What is celiac disease?

Answer 43

Immune disorder that causes the intestinal vili to be inflamed -Immune response is triggered by ingesting gluten, so gluten will be a server intolerance that will cause the villi to swell -Macronutrients and fat soluble vitamins are not well absorbed

Question 44

What are signs and symptoms in adults of celiac disease?

Answer 44

Diarrhea, constipation, bloating, flatus, belching

Question 45

What are signs and symptoms of celiac disease that you will see in a child?

Answer 45

-Diarrhea, -Muscle wasting -Anemia -Failure to thrive