Chapter 40-41

Question 1

what are the functions of the endocrine

Answer 1

-Regulation of digestion
-Usage and storage of nutrients
-Growth and development
-metabolism of electrolytes, water
-reproductive functions
-Adaptation to changing environments
-sex differentiation

-Controls the processes involved in movement and physiological equilibrium
-Includes all tissues or glands that secrete hormones into the blood
-Secretion of most hormones is regulated by a negative feedback system
-The number of receptors for a specific hormone can be altered to meet the body’s demand

Question 2

What are mechanisms for hormone action

Answer 2

-Secretion of tropic hormones from pituitary glands

Question 3

what are hormones and describe

Answer 3

-Produced by endocrine cells and release by endocrine glands
-chemical messengers transported in body fluid
-Target specific organs and systems

Question 4

What are hormonal actions ?

Answer 4

Basically lock and key, the interaction between the hormone and its specific target
-Endocrine:Hormones released into circulation to act on target organ
-Paracrine: Hormones act locally on cells near by
-Autocrine: Hormones produce acts depending on the cell it was released by
-Intracrine: Hormone within the cell that produced it
-Neuroendocrine: Hormone is produced within the neuron and travel through circulation to have affect on target cell

Question 5

**Mechanisms of action of the hormones
what is a receptor

Answer 5

Molecular structures (usually protein) that are located on the cell surface or inside the target cell

Question 6

**Mechanisms of action of the hormones
What is the function of receptors?

Answer 6

recognizing a specific hormone and translating that signal so the hormone can react to it
So translating signal into “cellular response”

Question 7

**Mechanisms of action of hormones
Describe receptors

Answer 7

-Structure of receptors are specific to a particular hormone
-Antibodies may destroy of block the receptor proteins
-Response of target cell to a hormone depends on the number of receptors and affinity for hormone binding

Question 8

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 8

-Lipid soluble
-Diffuse through cell membrane
-Endocrine organs( adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, placenta)

Question 9

What are non steroid hormones?

Answer 9

-Not lipid soluble
-received by receptors outside of cell membrane
-Endocrine glands include THYROID gland, Parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, pituitary gland, pancreas

Question 10

What is the function of the hypothalumus?

Answer 10

-The thalamus receives sensory information and send some to the hypothalamus
-The hypothalamus monitors the body for temp, ph and other conditions
-Communicates directly with the pituitary gland if something needs to be correct
-almost like the boss

Question 11

What is feedback?

Answer 11

Feed back system by sensors dectecting change in hormone levels and adjusting
-when detecting a decrease in hormone level it will increase hormone production
-When hormone levels are higher production of hormones are lower

Question 12

What is negative feedback?

Answer 12

Primary way hormone communication happens
-If the temperature in the room is too hot you will turn thermostat down
-IF its too low you will turn the thermostat up

Question 13

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Answer 13

-The worker for hypothalamus
-master gland-controls and signals other glands to produce hormone as its needed
-Anterior lobe is responsible for communication
-Posterier lobe receives oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 14

What is the function of thyroid gland?

Answer 14

Secretes non steroid hormone and
-regulates metabolism( increase protein synthesis, etc)

Question 15

What is the function of the parathyroid

Answer 15

regulate control of calcium
regulate phosphate levels

Question 16

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

Answer 16

Adrenal cortex-Incharge of sympathetic nervous system response
secretes like epinephrine, norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla-secretes steroid hormones (Minerlocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Question 17

What do the pancreas glands do?

Answer 17

Exocrine function related to glucose
Has insulin that reduces blood glucose.
-Facilitates glucose transport into cells
-promotes glycogenesis
-inhibits gluconeogensis
Has glucagon that increases blood sugar

Question 18

What is hypofunction of the endocrine system?

Answer 18

Underproduction of hormone or absent/ impaired gland which can be caused by
-Congenital defect
-Disruption in blood flow,infection, inflammation, autoimmune responses or neoplastic growth
-Decline if function with aging
-Atrophy from drug therapy or unknown
-receptor defects

Question 19

What is hyperfunction of endocrine?

Answer 19

Excessive hormone production which could be caused by
-Hyperplasia(Overgrowth of cells)
-Hormone producing tumor of gland

Question 20

What is hypopituitarism

Answer 20

-occurs gradually or can occur acutely
-Due to decrease secretion of pituitary hormone

Question 21

What are symptoms of hypopituitarism ?

Answer 21

-Chronic unit
-Weakness
-fatigue
-loss of appetite
-impaired sexual function
-cold tolerance
-Delayed growth because growth hormone is affected

Question 22

What is Hyperpituitarism ?

Answer 22

excess secretion of hormones produced by pituitary gland

signs and symptoms could be fatigue, reduced sex drive, infertility,reproductive issuues

Question 23

What are signs and symptoms hyperituitarism?

Answer 23

Arthritis
Chest barrel shape
Rough facial feature
Odd sensation: hands and feet
Muscle weakness and fatiguw
Enlargement of organs
Growth of coarse hair
Amenorrhea ;Breast milk production
Loss of vision and headache
Impotence; increased perspiration
Snoring

Question 24

What is growth hormone excess

Answer 24

More growth in long bone
it can lead to gigantism or acromegaly

Question 25

What is growth hormone deficiency?

Answer 25

-Intefers with bone growth
-result in short stature or dwarfism

Question 26

What is precocious puberty?

Answer 26

Early activation of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
-sexually characteristic and fertility are developed early
-Can lead to early closure of epiphysis , could be tall in age group as children but short as adult

Question 27

What is acromegagly?

Answer 27

Productuion of excessive growth hormone in adulthood
mostly caused by somatotrope adenoma

Question 28

What are signs and symptoms of acromegaly?

Answer 28

-Coarse hair
-thick darkened skin
-tongue enlarges
-peripheral neuropathy (decrease sensation in feet)
-More sweat gland and increased foul smelling sweat
-deep husky voice
-Cardiac disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy
-Snoring, obstructive sleep apena
-colon polyps