Chapter 40-41 Flashcards
what are the functions of the endocrine
-Regulation of digestion
-Usage and storage of nutrients
-Growth and development
-metabolism of electrolytes, water
-reproductive functions
-Adaptation to changing environments
-sex differentiation
-Controls the processes involved in movement and physiological equilibrium
-Includes all tissues or glands that secrete hormones into the blood
-Secretion of most hormones is regulated by a negative feedback system
-The number of receptors for a specific hormone can be altered to meet the body’s demand
What are mechanisms for hormone action
-Secretion of tropic hormones from pituitary glands
what are hormones and describe
-Produced by endocrine cells and release by endocrine glands
-chemical messengers transported in body fluid
-Target specific organs and systems
What are hormonal actions ?
Basically lock and key, the interaction between the hormone and its specific target
-Endocrine:Hormones released into circulation to act on target organ
-Paracrine: Hormones act locally on cells near by
-Autocrine: Hormones produce acts depending on the cell it was released by
-Intracrine: Hormone within the cell that produced it
-Neuroendocrine: Hormone is produced within the neuron and travel through circulation to have affect on target cell
**Mechanisms of action of the hormones
what is a receptor
Molecular structures (usually protein) that are located on the cell surface or inside the target cell
**Mechanisms of action of the hormones
What is the function of receptors?
recognizing a specific hormone and translating that signal so the hormone can react to it
So translating signal into “cellular response”
**Mechanisms of action of hormones
Describe receptors
-Structure of receptors are specific to a particular hormone
-Antibodies may destroy of block the receptor proteins
-Response of target cell to a hormone depends on the number of receptors and affinity for hormone binding
What are steroid hormones?
-Lipid soluble
-Diffuse through cell membrane
-Endocrine organs( adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, placenta)
What are non steroid hormones?
-Not lipid soluble
-received by receptors outside of cell membrane
-Endocrine glands include THYROID gland, Parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, pituitary gland, pancreas
What is the function of the hypothalumus?
-The thalamus receives sensory information and send some to the hypothalamus
-The hypothalamus monitors the body for temp, ph and other conditions
-Communicates directly with the pituitary gland if something needs to be correct
-almost like the boss
What is feedback?
Feed back system by sensors dectecting change in hormone levels and adjusting
-when detecting a decrease in hormone level it will increase hormone production
-When hormone levels are higher production of hormones are lower
What is negative feedback?
Primary way hormone communication happens
-If the temperature in the room is too hot you will turn thermostat down
-IF its too low you will turn the thermostat up
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
-The worker for hypothalamus
-master gland-controls and signals other glands to produce hormone as its needed
-Anterior lobe is responsible for communication
-Posterier lobe receives oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
What is the function of thyroid gland?
Secretes non steroid hormone and
-regulates metabolism( increase protein synthesis, etc)
What is the function of the parathyroid
regulate control of calcium
regulate phosphate levels
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex-Incharge of sympathetic nervous system response
secretes like epinephrine, norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla-secretes steroid hormones (Minerlocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
What do the pancreas glands do?
Exocrine function related to glucose
Has insulin that reduces blood glucose.
-Facilitates glucose transport into cells
-promotes glycogenesis
-inhibits gluconeogensis
Has glucagon that increases blood sugar
What is hypofunction of the endocrine system?
Underproduction of hormone or absent/ impaired gland which can be caused by
-Congenital defect
-Disruption in blood flow,infection, inflammation, autoimmune responses or neoplastic growth
-Decline if function with aging
-Atrophy from drug therapy or unknown
-receptor defects
What is hyperfunction of endocrine?
Excessive hormone production which could be caused by
-Hyperplasia(Overgrowth of cells)
-Hormone producing tumor of gland
What is hypopituitarism
-occurs gradually or can occur acutely
-Due to decrease secretion of pituitary hormone
What are symptoms of hypopituitarism ?
-Chronic unit
-Weakness
-fatigue
-loss of appetite
-impaired sexual function
-cold tolerance
-Delayed growth because growth hormone is affected
What is Hyperpituitarism ?
excess secretion of hormones produced by pituitary gland
signs and symptoms could be fatigue, reduced sex drive, infertility,reproductive issuues
What are signs and symptoms hyperituitarism?
Arthritis
Chest barrel shape
Rough facial feature
Odd sensation: hands and feet
Muscle weakness and fatiguw
Enlargement of organs
Growth of coarse hair
Amenorrhea ;Breast milk production
Loss of vision and headache
Impotence; increased perspiration
Snoring
What is growth hormone excess
More growth in long bone
it can lead to gigantism or acromegaly
What is growth hormone deficiency?
-Intefers with bone growth
-result in short stature or dwarfism
What is precocious puberty?
Early activation of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
-sexually characteristic and fertility are developed early
-Can lead to early closure of epiphysis , could be tall in age group as children but short as adult
What is acromegagly?
Productuion of excessive growth hormone in adulthood
mostly caused by somatotrope adenoma
What are signs and symptoms of acromegaly?
-Coarse hair
-thick darkened skin
-tongue enlarges
-peripheral neuropathy (decrease sensation in feet)
-More sweat gland and increased foul smelling sweat
-deep husky voice
-Cardiac disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy
-Snoring, obstructive sleep apena
-colon polyps
