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Pathophysiology > Chapter 29 and 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 and 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

A

-Gas exchange
-Moving 02 into blood
-removing C02 from blood

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2
Q

What other functions do the respiratory system have?

A

-Barrier defense between external and internal environment

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3
Q

What vasoconstriction substances does the lung regulate

A

-Bradykinin(Vasodilator, released at damaged tissue)
-Angiotensin ll

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4
Q

**Conducting airways
What is ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

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5
Q

**Conducting airways
What happens during perfusion?

A

Movement of blood through the lungs

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6
Q

**Conducting airways
What happens during respiration?

A

Diffusion if gasses between lungs and blood

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7
Q

**Conducting airways
LOOK IN BOOK
Purpose of conducting airways?

A

-Warm and humidify air
-Trap inhaled particles

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8
Q

What are the tiniest cells in the lungs and what is the actual site for gas exchange between air and blood?

A

Alveoli

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9
Q

What does type Alveolar l cells do?

A

-Gas EXCHANGE
-Flat squamous epithelial cells
-Occupy 95% of surface area of alveoli

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10
Q

REVIEW THIS BOOKIE
What does Alveolar ll do?
aka as pneumocytes

A

-produce surfactant
-Lipoprotien that decreases the surface tension in the alveoli and allows ease of lung inflation

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11
Q

**Lung circulation
What is pulmonary circulation?

A

-Starts at pulmonary artery
-provides for the Gas exchange function of lungs

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12
Q

**Lung circulation
What is Bronchial circulation?

A

-Starts @thoracic aorta
-Distributes blood to conducting airways
-Support structures of lungs with 02
-Warming and humidifying incoming air

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13
Q

**Control of Breathing: Respiratory system
What does the pacemaker center do?
And what is it

A

Controls the respiratory rythm
Phrenic nerve

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14
Q

**Control of Breathing: Respiratory system
What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve is specific to the diaphragm.
- Can signal diaphragm to contract

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15
Q

**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What two types of sensors /receptors controls the Autonomic regulation?

A

-Chemoreceptors
-Lung receptors

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16
Q

**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What does the chemoreceptors do ?

A

-Monitor blood levels of o2,Co2
-Adjust ventilation to meet the changing metabolic needs

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17
Q

**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What is the function of lung receptors?

A

-Monitor breathing patterns and lung function

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18
Q

**Control of Breathing: Voluntary regulation of ventilation
What does the voluntary do for regulation of ventilation?

A

-Integrates breathing with voluntary acts such as speaking, bowling, and singing
-Cause temporary suspension of automatic breathing

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19
Q

**Ventilation and gas exchange
What is Inspiration?

A

Air coming into lungs
- Air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity

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20
Q

**Ventilation and gas exchange
What is expiration?

A

Air coming out of lungs
-Air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles recoil and the chest cavity becomes bigger

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21
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movement of air in and out of lungs

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22
Q

**Ventilation
What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Total exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs

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23
Q

**Ventilation
What is Alveolar ventilation?

A

Ventilation in the gas exchanges portion of the lungs
-Body able to take in o2 and remove Co2

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24
Q

**Ventilation
What is dead air space?

A

Air that we breathe but does not participate in gas exchange

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25
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary beds

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26
Q

**Perfusion
What is hypoxia ?

A

Induce vasoconstirction
low levels of 02 in body tissue

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27
Q

**Perfusion
What is shunt?

A

Blood moves from right to the left side without o2
-Patient has normal perfusion but lack ventilation

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28
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

How easily the lungs can be inflated/ expand

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29
Q

**Lung compliance
What does how easily lungs can be inflated depend on?

A

-Elastin and colagen fibers
-Water content
-Surface tension(tension at surface) more can make aveoli collaspe
-Decreases with conditions that reduce the natural elasticity of lung or block the bronchi/ smaller airways

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30
Q

Why do you cough?

A

Initiated in the tracheobronchial wall
-protects the lungs from secretions and from entry of irritating or destructive substances

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31
Q

What are dry coughs?

A

Nothing comes out
-Asthma
-Cold
-GERD
-Sleep apnea
-Vocal cord dysfunction
-Allergies
-covid

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32
Q

What are wet coughs?

A

Mucous or blood comes out
-Cold
-Flu
-Lung infection
-Cystic fibrosis
-Acute
-Bronchitis
-Bronchiectasis

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33
Q

What is dyspnea ?

A

-Term used to describe short of breathe

34
Q

What is Cheyne stokes?

A

-Abnormal breathing
-Oscillation of ventilation between apena and hyperpena (Movement between)
- Could show in changing pressures

35
Q

**diffusion disorders
What is hypoxemia ?

A

Abnormally low blood 02 levels

36
Q

**diffusion disorders
What cause hypoxemia ?

A

-Inadequate 02 in the air
-Respiratory disease
-Neurological system dysfunction
-Changes in circulatory function
-Mismatching of ventilation and perfusion

37
Q

**diffusion disorders
What are signs and symptoms of hypoxemia?

A

-Hypoventilation
-impaired gas diffusion
-inadequate pulmonary capillary circulation

38
Q

**diffusion disorders
What is Hypercapnia?

A

Increase in the carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood

39
Q

**diffusion disorders
What causes Hypercapnia?

A

-Changes in respiratory function
-Impaired neural control of respirations
-Decreased or shallow respirations
-Decreases level of consciousness
-Decreased muscle contraction
-Decreased nerve firing
-Increased respiration

40
Q

**diffusion disorders
What are signs and symptoms of Hypercapnia ?

A

-Vasodilation
-headache
-Conjunctival hyperemia
-Warm flushed skin

41
Q

**Hypoxemia
What happens during mild hypoxemia?

A

-Increase in heart rate
-Peripheral Vasoconstriction
-Diaphoresis
-Increase in blood pressure
-Slight mental performance impairment

42
Q

What is chronic hypoxemia ?

A

-Insidious onset
-Can attribute to other causes
-Increase in ventilation
-Pulmonary vessels constrict
-Increase in production of RBC
-Cyanosis

43
Q

**Lung inflation disorders
What is pleural effusion?

A

Fluid collecting in peripheral space,
-Muffled breathe sounds

44
Q

What are lung inflation disorders?

A

Conditions that produce lung compression or lung collapse

45
Q

**Lung inflation disorder
What is hemothorax?

A

Blood in pleural cavity
-Absent of lung sound
-expierence pain

46
Q

**Lung deflation disorder
What is Pneumothorax?

A

collection of air in pleural cavity which cause partial or complete collapse of lung

47
Q

**Lung deflation disorder
What is pleuritis?

A

Inflammation of pleura

Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity

48
Q

What is atelectasis ?

A

Lung doesn’t inflate all the way
-Incomplete expansion of the lung

49
Q

What are causes of atelectasis?

A

-Airway obstruction
-Lung compression(fluid in lung,cancer)
-Increased recoil of lung

50
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Atelectasis?

A

-Tachypnea,dysnpnea
-Tachycardia
-cyanosis
-Decreased absent breathe sounds or crackles

51
Q

What can be a potential complication of atelectasis?

A

-Potential complications in patients, after surgery due to overly relaxed lungs and immobility

52
Q

What is asthma?

A

-Chronic disorder of airways
-Diffuse airway inflammation

53
Q

**Asthma
What are things that attribute to diffuse in airway

A

-Bronchoconstriction
-Airway edema and inflammation
-Airway hyperactivity
-Airway remodeling

54
Q

What can cause a person to have asthma?

A

-Genetics
-IgE response to allergens
-family history
-smoking
-pollution
-environmental toxins
-reflux disease

55
Q

What are signs and symptoms of asthma?

A

-Dyspnea
-Chest tightness
-Cough
-audible wheezig
-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
-SOB?!?!?!?!!?!?

56
Q

What are things that can trigger asthma ?

A

-Enviromental or occupational allergens
-Cold, dry air
-Infections
-exercise
-inhaled irritants
-Stress
-Aspirin / other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
-Gastroesophageal reflux disease

57
Q

**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is airflow limitation caused by?

A

Inflammatory response to inhaled toxins
-often cigarette smoke
Other causes in non smokers: alpha-1 antitryspin deficiency and occupational exposure

58
Q

What are signs and symptoms of of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

-Productive cough and dyspnea that develop over years
-Decreased breath sounds
-Coughing and wheezing
-Prolonged expiratory phase of repsiration(IDK)
-chest tightness; phlem

59
Q

What are symptoms of severe cases of COPD

A

-weight loss
-pneumonathorax
-frequent acute decompensation episodes
-right heart failure
-Respiratory failure (Acute or chronic )

60
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of lung parenchyma
-loss of elastic recoil
-Loss of aveolar shape and structure
-Increase of tendency for airway collapse

61
Q

What are complications of emphysema ?

A

Lung hyperinflatation,
-airflow limitation
-air trapping
-Air spaces enlarge and eventually develop blebs or bullae

62
Q

What is a bleb?

A

A bleb is a accumulation of air within the pleura
-tiny air bubbles

63
Q

What is chronic bronchitis ?

A
  • airway obstruction of larger and smaller airways
64
Q

What will happen to a patient if they have chronic bronchitis?

A

-Pt will have chronic productive cough for greater than 3 months and can last years
-Chronic productive cough, wheezing and partially reversible airflow obstructions
-More severe with smokers with a history of asthma

65
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

-Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissues

66
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Bronchiectasis ?

A

-Atelectasis, collapse of lung tissue
-Obstruction of smaller airways causing recurring infections because airways can’t clear secretions
-AMounts of foul-smelling purulent sputum and hemoptysis
- weight loss and anemia

67
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

-Increase thick mucus production which leads to decrease oxygenation
-Thick mucus can lead to inccreased infections which can lead to long term antibotics
-Presents in childhood
-Lifelong disorder

68
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

clot that forms somewhere else in body and ends in respiratory tract
-Can block entire bronchi
-Can land in a smaller vessel of lung tissue
-Comes from lower extremities

69
Q

What are causes of pulmonary embolism?

A

-Thrombus(DVT)
-Air(Big bowlus of air through Iv
-Fat(Long bone injury can lead increased of fat which can go to your blood streams)

70
Q

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

-pluertic chest pain(worse pain when taking a deep breath or moving)
-Dyspnea(Decreased oxygenation 02
-Light head (cause poor 02)
-Cardiorespiratory arrest
-Hypotension
-Tachypnea,tachycardia

71
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension?

A

-Increased pressure in pulmonary circulation
-Elevation in the pressure in the pulmonary system itself

72
Q

What induces pulmonary hypertension?

A

-Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased pulmonary venous pressure
-Increased pulmonary venous flow due to congenital heart disease

73
Q

What happens during pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary vessels become constricted, shriverled, lost and obstructed
-Leads to right side ventricular overload and failure

74
Q

What lead to right side ventricular overload and failure

A

High blood pressure in lungs lead to back up of right side of heart which shows up as right side heart failure

75
Q

What are signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertensions?

A

-Exertional
-Dyspnea
-fatique
-Chest discomfort
-An lightheadedness or synscope

76
Q

What can cause right sided heart failure

A

Left heart failure(left side fails everything backs up from left ventricles into lungs which puts pressure on right side

77
Q

What is Cor pulmonale ?

A

Condition that causes right side heart to fail

78
Q

Signs of rigth sided failure

A

-Decreased ventilation
-decreased oxygenation
-Increased work load on right side of heart
-Renin system helps stimulate kidney to release more rbc to increase, so more rbc are made and erythropoietin is released
-Increased of RBC can lead to polycythemia
-Pulmonary vasoconstriction

79
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

-Most severe form a acute lung injury
-Sever hypoxemia without hypercapnia
Can be caused by pneumonia,sepsis,drowing,fat,embolism. burns, sever covid 19

80
Q

What are signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?

A

Dyspenea
-Restlessness,anxiety
-confusions
-Cyanosis
-tachypnea
-tachycardia
-and diaphoresis

81
Q

Describe acute respiratory failure

A

Life threatening
Impairment of oxygenation, carbon dioxideelimination or both
May result from impair gas exchange , decreased ventilation or both

82
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Acute respiratory failure?

A

-REspiratory arrest
-Dyspnea
-use of accessory muscles of repsiration
-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
-Diaphoresis
-Cyanosis
-obtundation

Pathophysiology (33 decks)

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