Chapter 29 and 31 Flashcards
What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
-Gas exchange
-Moving 02 into blood
-removing C02 from blood
What other functions do the respiratory system have?
-Barrier defense between external and internal environment
What vasoconstriction substances does the lung regulate
-Bradykinin(Vasodilator, released at damaged tissue)
-Angiotensin ll
**Conducting airways
What is ventilation?
Movement of air into and out of lungs
**Conducting airways
What happens during perfusion?
Movement of blood through the lungs
**Conducting airways
What happens during respiration?
Diffusion if gasses between lungs and blood
**Conducting airways
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Purpose of conducting airways?
-Warm and humidify air
-Trap inhaled particles
What are the tiniest cells in the lungs and what is the actual site for gas exchange between air and blood?
Alveoli
What does type Alveolar l cells do?
-Gas EXCHANGE
-Flat squamous epithelial cells
-Occupy 95% of surface area of alveoli
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What does Alveolar ll do?
aka as pneumocytes
-produce surfactant
-Lipoprotien that decreases the surface tension in the alveoli and allows ease of lung inflation
**Lung circulation
What is pulmonary circulation?
-Starts at pulmonary artery
-provides for the Gas exchange function of lungs
**Lung circulation
What is Bronchial circulation?
-Starts @thoracic aorta
-Distributes blood to conducting airways
-Support structures of lungs with 02
-Warming and humidifying incoming air
**Control of Breathing: Respiratory system
What does the pacemaker center do?
And what is it
Controls the respiratory rythm
Phrenic nerve
**Control of Breathing: Respiratory system
What is the phrenic nerve?
Phrenic nerve is specific to the diaphragm.
- Can signal diaphragm to contract
**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What two types of sensors /receptors controls the Autonomic regulation?
-Chemoreceptors
-Lung receptors
**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What does the chemoreceptors do ?
-Monitor blood levels of o2,Co2
-Adjust ventilation to meet the changing metabolic needs
**Control of Breathing: Autonomic regulation of ventilation
What is the function of lung receptors?
-Monitor breathing patterns and lung function
**Control of Breathing: Voluntary regulation of ventilation
What does the voluntary do for regulation of ventilation?
-Integrates breathing with voluntary acts such as speaking, bowling, and singing
-Cause temporary suspension of automatic breathing
**Ventilation and gas exchange
What is Inspiration?
Air coming into lungs
- Air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity
**Ventilation and gas exchange
What is expiration?
Air coming out of lungs
-Air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles recoil and the chest cavity becomes bigger
What is ventilation?
Movement of air in and out of lungs
**Ventilation
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Total exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs
**Ventilation
What is Alveolar ventilation?
Ventilation in the gas exchanges portion of the lungs
-Body able to take in o2 and remove Co2
**Ventilation
What is dead air space?
Air that we breathe but does not participate in gas exchange
What is perfusion?
Flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary beds
**Perfusion
What is hypoxia ?
Induce vasoconstirction
low levels of 02 in body tissue
**Perfusion
What is shunt?
Blood moves from right to the left side without o2
-Patient has normal perfusion but lack ventilation
What is lung compliance?
How easily the lungs can be inflated/ expand
**Lung compliance
What does how easily lungs can be inflated depend on?
-Elastin and colagen fibers
-Water content
-Surface tension(tension at surface) more can make aveoli collaspe
-Decreases with conditions that reduce the natural elasticity of lung or block the bronchi/ smaller airways
Why do you cough?
Initiated in the tracheobronchial wall
-protects the lungs from secretions and from entry of irritating or destructive substances
What are dry coughs?
Nothing comes out
-Asthma
-Cold
-GERD
-Sleep apnea
-Vocal cord dysfunction
-Allergies
-covid
What are wet coughs?
Mucous or blood comes out
-Cold
-Flu
-Lung infection
-Cystic fibrosis
-Acute
-Bronchitis
-Bronchiectasis
What is dyspnea ?
-Term used to describe short of breathe
What is Cheyne stokes?
-Abnormal breathing
-Oscillation of ventilation between apena and hyperpena (Movement between)
- Could show in changing pressures
**diffusion disorders
What is hypoxemia ?
Abnormally low blood 02 levels
**diffusion disorders
What cause hypoxemia ?
-Inadequate 02 in the air
-Respiratory disease
-Neurological system dysfunction
-Changes in circulatory function
-Mismatching of ventilation and perfusion
**diffusion disorders
What are signs and symptoms of hypoxemia?
-Hypoventilation
-impaired gas diffusion
-inadequate pulmonary capillary circulation
**diffusion disorders
What is Hypercapnia?
Increase in the carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood
**diffusion disorders
What causes Hypercapnia?
-Changes in respiratory function
-Impaired neural control of respirations
-Decreased or shallow respirations
-Decreases level of consciousness
-Decreased muscle contraction
-Decreased nerve firing
-Increased respiration
**diffusion disorders
What are signs and symptoms of Hypercapnia ?
-Vasodilation
-headache
-Conjunctival hyperemia
-Warm flushed skin
**Hypoxemia
What happens during mild hypoxemia?
-Increase in heart rate
-Peripheral Vasoconstriction
-Diaphoresis
-Increase in blood pressure
-Slight mental performance impairment
What is chronic hypoxemia ?
-Insidious onset
-Can attribute to other causes
-Increase in ventilation
-Pulmonary vessels constrict
-Increase in production of RBC
-Cyanosis
**Lung inflation disorders
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid collecting in peripheral space,
-Muffled breathe sounds
What are lung inflation disorders?
Conditions that produce lung compression or lung collapse
**Lung inflation disorder
What is hemothorax?
Blood in pleural cavity
-Absent of lung sound
-expierence pain
**Lung deflation disorder
What is Pneumothorax?
collection of air in pleural cavity which cause partial or complete collapse of lung
**Lung deflation disorder
What is pleuritis?
Inflammation of pleura
Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity
What is atelectasis ?
Lung doesn’t inflate all the way
-Incomplete expansion of the lung
What are causes of atelectasis?
-Airway obstruction
-Lung compression(fluid in lung,cancer)
-Increased recoil of lung
What are signs and symptoms of Atelectasis?
-Tachypnea,dysnpnea
-Tachycardia
-cyanosis
-Decreased absent breathe sounds or crackles
What can be a potential complication of atelectasis?
-Potential complications in patients, after surgery due to overly relaxed lungs and immobility
What is asthma?
-Chronic disorder of airways
-Diffuse airway inflammation
**Asthma
What are things that attribute to diffuse in airway
-Bronchoconstriction
-Airway edema and inflammation
-Airway hyperactivity
-Airway remodeling
What can cause a person to have asthma?
-Genetics
-IgE response to allergens
-family history
-smoking
-pollution
-environmental toxins
-reflux disease
What are signs and symptoms of asthma?
-Dyspnea
-Chest tightness
-Cough
-audible wheezig
-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
-SOB?!?!?!?!!?!?
What are things that can trigger asthma ?
-Enviromental or occupational allergens
-Cold, dry air
-Infections
-exercise
-inhaled irritants
-Stress
-Aspirin / other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
-Gastroesophageal reflux disease
**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is airflow limitation caused by?
Inflammatory response to inhaled toxins
-often cigarette smoke
Other causes in non smokers: alpha-1 antitryspin deficiency and occupational exposure
What are signs and symptoms of of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
-Productive cough and dyspnea that develop over years
-Decreased breath sounds
-Coughing and wheezing
-Prolonged expiratory phase of repsiration(IDK)
-chest tightness; phlem
What are symptoms of severe cases of COPD
-weight loss
-pneumonathorax
-frequent acute decompensation episodes
-right heart failure
-Respiratory failure (Acute or chronic )
What is emphysema?
Destruction of lung parenchyma
-loss of elastic recoil
-Loss of aveolar shape and structure
-Increase of tendency for airway collapse
What are complications of emphysema ?
Lung hyperinflatation,
-airflow limitation
-air trapping
-Air spaces enlarge and eventually develop blebs or bullae
What is a bleb?
A bleb is a accumulation of air within the pleura
-tiny air bubbles
What is chronic bronchitis ?
- airway obstruction of larger and smaller airways
What will happen to a patient if they have chronic bronchitis?
-Pt will have chronic productive cough for greater than 3 months and can last years
-Chronic productive cough, wheezing and partially reversible airflow obstructions
-More severe with smokers with a history of asthma
What is Bronchiectasis?
-Permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissues
What are signs and symptoms of Bronchiectasis ?
-Atelectasis, collapse of lung tissue
-Obstruction of smaller airways causing recurring infections because airways can’t clear secretions
-AMounts of foul-smelling purulent sputum and hemoptysis
- weight loss and anemia
What is cystic fibrosis?
-Increase thick mucus production which leads to decrease oxygenation
-Thick mucus can lead to inccreased infections which can lead to long term antibotics
-Presents in childhood
-Lifelong disorder
What is pulmonary embolism?
clot that forms somewhere else in body and ends in respiratory tract
-Can block entire bronchi
-Can land in a smaller vessel of lung tissue
-Comes from lower extremities
What are causes of pulmonary embolism?
-Thrombus(DVT)
-Air(Big bowlus of air through Iv
-Fat(Long bone injury can lead increased of fat which can go to your blood streams)
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism
-pluertic chest pain(worse pain when taking a deep breath or moving)
-Dyspnea(Decreased oxygenation 02
-Light head (cause poor 02)
-Cardiorespiratory arrest
-Hypotension
-Tachypnea,tachycardia
What is pulmonary hypertension?
-Increased pressure in pulmonary circulation
-Elevation in the pressure in the pulmonary system itself
What induces pulmonary hypertension?
-Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased pulmonary venous pressure
-Increased pulmonary venous flow due to congenital heart disease
What happens during pulmonary hypertension?
Pulmonary vessels become constricted, shriverled, lost and obstructed
-Leads to right side ventricular overload and failure
What lead to right side ventricular overload and failure
High blood pressure in lungs lead to back up of right side of heart which shows up as right side heart failure
What are signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertensions?
-Exertional
-Dyspnea
-fatique
-Chest discomfort
-An lightheadedness or synscope
What can cause right sided heart failure
Left heart failure(left side fails everything backs up from left ventricles into lungs which puts pressure on right side
What is Cor pulmonale ?
Condition that causes right side heart to fail
Signs of rigth sided failure
-Decreased ventilation
-decreased oxygenation
-Increased work load on right side of heart
-Renin system helps stimulate kidney to release more rbc to increase, so more rbc are made and erythropoietin is released
-Increased of RBC can lead to polycythemia
-Pulmonary vasoconstriction
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?
-Most severe form a acute lung injury
-Sever hypoxemia without hypercapnia
Can be caused by pneumonia,sepsis,drowing,fat,embolism. burns, sever covid 19
What are signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?
Dyspenea
-Restlessness,anxiety
-confusions
-Cyanosis
-tachypnea
-tachycardia
-and diaphoresis
Describe acute respiratory failure
Life threatening
Impairment of oxygenation, carbon dioxideelimination or both
May result from impair gas exchange , decreased ventilation or both
What are signs and symptoms of Acute respiratory failure?
-REspiratory arrest
-Dyspnea
-use of accessory muscles of repsiration
-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
-Diaphoresis
-Cyanosis
-obtundation
