Chapter 3 cellular adaption, injury, and death

Question 1

What are ways cells adapt to increased work demands?

Answer 1

-size(Atrophy and hypertrophy)
-number(hyperplasia)
-Form(metaplasia)

Question 2

**Results of cell adaptation
What is atrophy?

Answer 2

Decrease in cell size

Question 3

**Results of cell adaptation
What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

Increase in cell size

Question 4

**Results of cell adaptation
What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Increase in the number of cells

Question 5

**Results of cell adaptation
What is metaplasia?

Answer 5

Replacement of adult cells

Question 6

**Results of cell adaptation
What is dysplasia ?

Answer 6

Deranged cell growth of a specific tissue

Question 7

What is pathological calcifications?

Answer 7

Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts

Question 8

What are two types of pathologic calcification?

Answer 8

-Dystrophic calcification
-Metastatic calcification

Question 9

Where does dystrophic calcification occur?

Answer 9

Occurs in dead or dying tissue

Question 10

Where does metastatic calcification occur?

Answer 10

Occurs in normal tissue

Question 11

What are different causes of cell injury?

Answer 11

-Injury from physical agents
- Radiation injury
-Chemical injury
-Injury from biologic agents
-Injury from nutritional imbalances

Question 12

What are examples of physical injury?

Answer 12

• Mechanical forces
  -Extremes of temperature
  -Electrical forces

Question 13

What are examples of radiation injury?

Answer 13

-Ionizing radiation
-Ultraviolet radiation
-non ionizing radiation

Question 14

What are examples of chemical injury?

Answer 14

• Drugs
  -Carbon tetrachloride
  -Lead toxicity
  -Mercury

Question 15

What are examples of injury from biological agents?

Answer 15

-virus
-parasites
-bacteria

Question 16

What are injury from nutritional imbalances?

Answer 16

excesses and deficiencies

Question 17

What are two patterns of reversible cell injury?

Answer 17

-cellular swelling
-fatty changes

Question 18

What is reversible cell injury?

Answer 18

Impairs cell function but does not result in cell death

Question 19

What are mechanisms of cell injury?

Answer 19

Free radical injury

Question 20

What is free radical cell injury?

Answer 20

Unstable atoms that can damage cells causing illness and aging.
Losing electrons and stealing it from other molecules

Question 21

what is hypoxia?

Answer 21

Low levels of oxygen in the body tissues

Question 22

What can be causes of hypoxia?

Answer 22

Any condition that reduces the amount of oxygen in your blood or restricts blood flow
-Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
-Respiratory disease
-Inability of the cells to use oxygen
-Edema
-Ischemia

Question 23

how are cytosolic calcium levels kept low?

Answer 23

By energetic mechanisms
-Ischemia- induced calcium disruption
-Inappropriate activation enzymes

Question 24

what is apoptosis ?

Answer 24

-Normal and Controlled death
-Process eliminates cells that are worn out, were produced in as excess, have developed improperly, have genetic damage

Question 25

What is necrosis ?

Answer 25

-cell death in an organ or tissues that are still apart of a living person
-Interferes with replacement and tissue regeeration
-Grangrene occurs when a certain amount of mass undergoes tissue necrosis

Question 26

What is grangrene?

Answer 26

When a mass of tissue undergoes necrosis