Chapter 3 cellular adaption, injury, and death Flashcards
What are ways cells adapt to increased work demands?
-size(Atrophy and hypertrophy)
-number(hyperplasia)
-Form(metaplasia)
**Results of cell adaptation
What is atrophy?
Decrease in cell size
**Results of cell adaptation
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
**Results of cell adaptation
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells
**Results of cell adaptation
What is metaplasia?
Replacement of adult cells
**Results of cell adaptation
What is dysplasia ?
Deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
What is pathological calcifications?
Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts
What are two types of pathologic calcification?
-Dystrophic calcification
-Metastatic calcification
Where does dystrophic calcification occur?
Occurs in dead or dying tissue
Where does metastatic calcification occur?
Occurs in normal tissue
What are different causes of cell injury?
-Injury from physical agents
- Radiation injury
-Chemical injury
-Injury from biologic agents
-Injury from nutritional imbalances
What are examples of physical injury?
- Mechanical forces
-Extremes of temperature
-Electrical forces
What are examples of radiation injury?
-Ionizing radiation
-Ultraviolet radiation
-non ionizing radiation
What are examples of chemical injury?
- Drugs
-Carbon tetrachloride
-Lead toxicity
-Mercury
What are examples of injury from biological agents?
-virus
-parasites
-bacteria
What are injury from nutritional imbalances?
excesses and deficiencies
What are two patterns of reversible cell injury?
-cellular swelling
-fatty changes
What is reversible cell injury?
Impairs cell function but does not result in cell death
What are mechanisms of cell injury?
Free radical injury
What is free radical cell injury?
Unstable atoms that can damage cells causing illness and aging.
Losing electrons and stealing it from other molecules
what is hypoxia?
Low levels of oxygen in the body tissues
What can be causes of hypoxia?
Any condition that reduces the amount of oxygen in your blood or restricts blood flow
-Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
-Respiratory disease
-Inability of the cells to use oxygen
-Edema
-Ischemia
how are cytosolic calcium levels kept low?
By energetic mechanisms
-Ischemia- induced calcium disruption
-Inappropriate activation enzymes
what is apoptosis ?
-Normal and Controlled death
-Process eliminates cells that are worn out, were produced in as excess, have developed improperly, have genetic damage
What is necrosis ?
-cell death in an organ or tissues that are still apart of a living person
-Interferes with replacement and tissue regeeration
-Grangrene occurs when a certain amount of mass undergoes tissue necrosis
What is grangrene?
When a mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
