Chapter 6 Neoplasia

Question 1

What are tumors?

Answer 1

Swelling that can be cause by a number of conditions, including trauma and swelling

Question 2

What are neoplasms?

Answer 2

Abnormal mass of tissue and the growth exceeds and isn’t coordinated with other tissues
-Serve no useful purpose
-Do not occur in response to an appropriate stimulus
-Continue to grow at the expense of the host
-Classified as benign or malignant

Question 3

What are benign neoplasm?

Answer 3

-Cluster of well-differentiated cells
-Mass of abnormal cells
-They can not spread

Question 4

What are Malignant neoplasm?

Answer 4

Less well differentiated,
-Can break loose
-Enter circulatory or lymphatic system
-Can form secondary malignant tumors at other sites

Question 5

What are characteristics of Benign neoplasms?

Answer 5

-slow, progressive rate of growth that can stay the same size or get smaller
-It can grow big without invading surrounding tissues. “An expansive manner of growth”
-Can not spread to distant sites. “Inability to metastasize to distant sites”
-Made up of different cells that looks like the cells of the tissue of origin “Composed of well-differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of origin”
-Do not spread by metastasis

Question 6

What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms?

Answer 6

-Grow rapidly and spread widely
-Have potential to kill regardless of their original location
-Can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue necrosis
-Rob normal tissues of essential nutrients
-Liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue
-Undifferentiated cells with atypical structure, shares little resemblance to cells in the tissue of origin
-Grows by invasion
-Gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other ares of the body

Question 7

***Components of tissue renewal and repair
What is cell proliferation?

Answer 7

-Process of cell division
-They have adaptive mechanisms for replacing body cells

Question 8

***Components of tissue renewal and repair
What is cell differentiation?

Answer 8

-Process of specialization
-New cells acquire the structure and functions of cells they replace

Question 9

***Components of tissue renewal and repair
What is apoptosis?

Answer 9

Programmed cell death to eliminate unwanted cells
-Self destruction could happen when the cell gets old, damaged or no longer needed

Question 10

What are characteristics of cancer?

Answer 10

-Disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth which results in neoplasia (“New growth”)
- When you have cancer cells you change the way cells differentiate
Doesn’t have much control regulating cell growth and division
-Tends to increase in size even after needs of organism are met

Question 11

What are different types of tumors?

Answer 11

Adenoma: Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue
adenocarcinoma: Malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue
Carcinoma: Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
Osteoma: Benign tumor of bone tissue
Sarcoma: malignant tumors of messenchymal origin
Papillomas: Benign microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections growing on the surface

Question 12

What Factors differentiating Benign and Malignant neoplasms?

Answer 12

-Cell characteristics
-Manner of growth
-Rate of growth
-Potential for metastasizing or spreading
-Tendency to cause tissue damage
-Capacity to cause death

Question 13

**Cancer cell differentiation
What does anaplasia mean?

Answer 13

Loss of cells differentiation in cancerous tissue
like loss of structure and cell may forget how to be normal and start growing in a Chaotic

Question 14

What are methods of the way cancer spreads?

Answer 14

Direct invasion and extension
Seeding of cancer cells in body cavities
Metastatic through the blood or lymph pathways

Question 15

What is invasion of metastasis ?

Answer 15

To metasize the cancer cell must be able to break loose from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, be able to get acess to the blood vessel, survive passaging through the blood stream, leave the blood stream at a favorable location and invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and make up its own blood cancer

Question 16

What are factors that affect tumor growth?

Answer 16

Once the cells have a decent amount of blood supply the rate of tissue growth in the normal and cancerous tissue depends on:

1.The number of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle
2. The duration of the cell cycle
3. The number of cells that are being lost compared to the number of new cells that are being produced

Question 17

What are the Steps of going from cancer cells to normal cells into cancerous cells?

Answer 17

Initiation:
-Cells get exposed to the dosage of carcinogenic agents making them susceptible to malignant transformation
Promotion:
-Unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chemicals and growth factors

Progression:
Tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes that promote invasiveness, metastic competence, autonomous growth tendencies ,and increased karyotypic unstability

Question 18

What are signs and symptoms of cancer?

Answer 18

Tissue Integrity
-Compressed and eroded blood vessels; ulceration and necrosis; Frank bleeding and hemorrhage

Cancer cachexia
-Weight loss and wasting body fat and muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia

Paraneoplastic syndromes
Inappropriate hormone release, circulating hematopoietic, neurological, and dematological factors

Question 19

What are different signs of cancer?

Answer 19

Signs of cancers usually reflect on the primary site of involvements
-cancer produces generalized signs and symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, and cachexia, anemia , decreased resistance to infections and symptoms unrelated to tumor sites

Question 20

What are characteristics of child hood cancer?

Answer 20

-Mostly involved with the hematopoietic system,nervous system, or connective tissue

-Heritable forms of cancer tend to have
An earlier age of onset
A higher frequency of multifocal lesions in a single organ
Bilateral movement of paired organs or multiple primary tumors