Chapter 24: Disorders of Wbc and lymphoid tissues

Question 1

What are formed elements of blood?

Answer 1

-Red blood cells
-Platelets
-Granulocytes( Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
-Monocytes and macrophages lineage
-Lymphocytes

Question 2

What is hematopoetic tissue?

Answer 2

Derived from myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue

Question 3

What is hematopoiesis ?

Answer 3

-Production of blood cells
-WBC are formed partially in bone marrow and partially in lymph
-WBC are formed from hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into committed progenitor cells, then develop into myelocytic and lymphocytic lineages needed to form wbc

-RBC and platelets are formed in the bone marrow and released into circulation

Question 4

Describe growth and reproduction of WBC?

Answer 4

-Controlled by multiple hematopoietic growth factors
-Life span is short and renewal is needed to maintain normal blood levels
-Conditions that reduce the availability of stem cells or hematopoietic growth factors will cause a decrease in WBC

Question 5

What are disease that result in deficiency of blood cell production?

Answer 5

Leukopenia
-Defiency of leukocytes

Aplastic anemia

Question 6

What are causes of Neutropenia ?

Answer 6

-Type of leukopenia when the wbc count is super low
Could be caused by
-Congenital: periodic or cyclic neutropenia.Most commonly seen in infant or early child hood. Mutation in genes.

-Acquired; Neoplasms involving bone marrow.
Neoplasms living in bone marrow
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Felty syndrome: disorder that includes theumatoid arthirits, swollen spleen, decreased Wbc and repeated infections

-Drug related:Drug induce granulocytopenia
-Idiiopathic neutropenia. Unknown but could be an unidentified autoimmune.
Autoimmune is caused by body immune system producing specific antibodies which attack and destroy neutrophils growing in the blood. Neutrophils in bone marrow are usually spared.

Question 7

What are signs and symptoms of neutropenia?

Answer 7

-Malaise
-Chills
-Fever
-Extreme weakness and fatigue
-Reduce White blood cell count

Question 8

What is infectious mononucleosis ?

Answer 8

-Self limited lymphoproliferative disorder
-Caused by epstein barr virus
-Transmitted through saliva, drinking from someone or kissing
-Last about 6 weeks and resolves on its’s on \
-Doesn’t need treatment
-Usually seen in young adults/adolescents

Question 9

What are signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleous?

Answer 9

-Fever
-Generalized lymphadenopathy
-Sore throat
-Immature lymphoctyes
-Serveal antibodies

Question 10

What is neoplastic disorders of the hematopoietic and lymphoid origin

Question 11

What are clinical features of neoplasms/cancer?

Answer 11

Largely determined by
-Their site of origin
-Progenitor cell ( where they came from)
-Events that lead up to the molecular events

Question 12

What is Hodgkin disease?

Answer 12

-Lymphoma arises in a single node or a chain of nodes
-steed-berg cells are present
Reed-stenberg cells come from b lymphocytes

Question 13

What is no-hodgkin disease

Answer 13

-Lymphoma ordinates outside of the nodes and then infiltrates in
-Reed-Sternberg cells are not present

Question 14

WWhat are symptoms in stage A of Hodgkin disease?

Answer 14

No symptoms

Question 15

What are symptoms in stage B of Hodgkin disease?

Answer 15

40% will have weight loss, fevers, and night sweat, itching

Question 16

What are advanced stages of hodgkin disease

Answer 16

Advance into fatigue, anemia, and major organs ma get involved

Question 17

What are stages of the Hodgkin Lymphoma ?

Answer 17

Stage 1: Localized disease, single lymph node region or single organ
Stage 2: Two or more lymph nodes regions on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage 3: Two or more lymph nodes regions above and below the diaphragm.Could be same side also could be involved with organ outside the lymphatic or spleen
Stage 4: Widespread disease: Multiple organs, with or without lymph node involvement. Could be close or distant

Question 18

What are categories of non Hodgkin lymphomas?

Answer 18

Low grade lymphomas
-Predominantly B-cell tumors

Intermediate grade lymphomas
-Include B-cell and some T-cell lymphomas

High grade lymphomas
-Largely immunoblastic (B cell)
-Lymphoblastic (T cell), Burkitt and non burkitt lymphomas

Question 19

What is Leukemias?

Answer 19

Malignant neoplasms arising from the single cell blood line from hematopoietic stem cells

-Cell linage include:
Lymphocytic (Lymphocytes)
Myelotic (granulocytes, monocytes)

Question 20

What is chronic leukemias?

Answer 20

Cancer cells growing and over producing over time

Question 21

What are types of chronic leukemia ?

Answer 21

-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 22

What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia ?

Answer 22

-Immature lymphocytes and their progenitors in the bone marrow, the spleen, lymph nodes,CNS,a nd other tissues

Question 23

What is chronic Myelogenous leukemia ?

Answer 23

-Involve the pluripotent myeloid stem cels in the bone marrow and interfere with the maturation of all the blood cells

Question 24

What are Leukemic cells?

Answer 24

-Immature and poorly differentiated
-proliferate rapidly and have a long life span
-Circulate blood
-Cross blood brain barrier
-Infiltrate may body organs
-Do not function normally!

Question 25

What are warning signs of acute leuekmia?

Answer 25

-Pallor
_Fatigue
-Weight loss
-Repeated infections
-Easy bruising
-Nose bleed
-Leukostasis
-Tumor lysis syndrom
-Hyperuricemia
-Blast crisis

Question 26

What is multpile myeloma?

Answer 26

-Cell dyscrasia characterized by expansion of single clone immunoglobin producing plasma cells

Main sites involved
-The bones and bone marrow
-Proliferation and activation of osteoclast that lead to bone resorption and destruction
-Pathologic fractures
-Hypercalcemia

Question 27

***Clinical features of neoplasms
What are chromosomal aberrations?

Answer 27

Deletion
polyploidy
translocation
Hyperploidy
Inversions