Chapter 24: Disorders of Wbc and lymphoid tissues Flashcards
What are formed elements of blood?
-Red blood cells
-Platelets
-Granulocytes( Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
-Monocytes and macrophages lineage
-Lymphocytes
What is hematopoetic tissue?
Derived from myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue
What is hematopoiesis ?
-Production of blood cells
-WBC are formed partially in bone marrow and partially in lymph
-WBC are formed from hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into committed progenitor cells, then develop into myelocytic and lymphocytic lineages needed to form wbc
-RBC and platelets are formed in the bone marrow and released into circulation
Describe growth and reproduction of WBC?
-Controlled by multiple hematopoietic growth factors
-Life span is short and renewal is needed to maintain normal blood levels
-Conditions that reduce the availability of stem cells or hematopoietic growth factors will cause a decrease in WBC
What are disease that result in deficiency of blood cell production?
Leukopenia
-Defiency of leukocytes
Aplastic anemia
What are causes of Neutropenia ?
-Type of leukopenia when the wbc count is super low
Could be caused by
-Congenital: periodic or cyclic neutropenia.Most commonly seen in infant or early child hood. Mutation in genes.
-Acquired; Neoplasms involving bone marrow.
Neoplasms living in bone marrow
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Felty syndrome: disorder that includes theumatoid arthirits, swollen spleen, decreased Wbc and repeated infections
-Drug related:Drug induce granulocytopenia
-Idiiopathic neutropenia. Unknown but could be an unidentified autoimmune.
Autoimmune is caused by body immune system producing specific antibodies which attack and destroy neutrophils growing in the blood. Neutrophils in bone marrow are usually spared.
What are signs and symptoms of neutropenia?
-Malaise
-Chills
-Fever
-Extreme weakness and fatigue
-Reduce White blood cell count
What is infectious mononucleosis ?
-Self limited lymphoproliferative disorder
-Caused by epstein barr virus
-Transmitted through saliva, drinking from someone or kissing
-Last about 6 weeks and resolves on its’s on \
-Doesn’t need treatment
-Usually seen in young adults/adolescents
What are signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleous?
-Fever
-Generalized lymphadenopathy
-Sore throat
-Immature lymphoctyes
-Serveal antibodies
What is neoplastic disorders of the hematopoietic and lymphoid origin
What are clinical features of neoplasms/cancer?
Largely determined by
-Their site of origin
-Progenitor cell ( where they came from)
-Events that lead up to the molecular events
What is Hodgkin disease?
-Lymphoma arises in a single node or a chain of nodes
-steed-berg cells are present
Reed-stenberg cells come from b lymphocytes
What is no-hodgkin disease
-Lymphoma ordinates outside of the nodes and then infiltrates in
-Reed-Sternberg cells are not present
WWhat are symptoms in stage A of Hodgkin disease?
No symptoms
What are symptoms in stage B of Hodgkin disease?
40% will have weight loss, fevers, and night sweat, itching
What are advanced stages of hodgkin disease
Advance into fatigue, anemia, and major organs ma get involved
What are stages of the Hodgkin Lymphoma ?
Stage 1: Localized disease, single lymph node region or single organ
Stage 2: Two or more lymph nodes regions on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage 3: Two or more lymph nodes regions above and below the diaphragm.Could be same side also could be involved with organ outside the lymphatic or spleen
Stage 4: Widespread disease: Multiple organs, with or without lymph node involvement. Could be close or distant
What are categories of non Hodgkin lymphomas?
Low grade lymphomas
-Predominantly B-cell tumors
Intermediate grade lymphomas
-Include B-cell and some T-cell lymphomas
High grade lymphomas
-Largely immunoblastic (B cell)
-Lymphoblastic (T cell), Burkitt and non burkitt lymphomas
What is Leukemias?
Malignant neoplasms arising from the single cell blood line from hematopoietic stem cells
-Cell linage include:
Lymphocytic (Lymphocytes)
Myelotic (granulocytes, monocytes)
What is chronic leukemias?
Cancer cells growing and over producing over time
What are types of chronic leukemia ?
-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia ?
-Immature lymphocytes and their progenitors in the bone marrow, the spleen, lymph nodes,CNS,a nd other tissues
What is chronic Myelogenous leukemia ?
-Involve the pluripotent myeloid stem cels in the bone marrow and interfere with the maturation of all the blood cells
What are Leukemic cells?
-Immature and poorly differentiated
-proliferate rapidly and have a long life span
-Circulate blood
-Cross blood brain barrier
-Infiltrate may body organs
-Do not function normally!
What are warning signs of acute leuekmia?
-Pallor
_Fatigue
-Weight loss
-Repeated infections
-Easy bruising
-Nose bleed
-Leukostasis
-Tumor lysis syndrom
-Hyperuricemia
-Blast crisis
What is multpile myeloma?
-Cell dyscrasia characterized by expansion of single clone immunoglobin producing plasma cells
Main sites involved
-The bones and bone marrow
-Proliferation and activation of osteoclast that lead to bone resorption and destruction
-Pathologic fractures
-Hypercalcemia
***Clinical features of neoplasms
What are chromosomal aberrations?
Deletion
polyploidy
translocation
Hyperploidy
Inversions
