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Pathophysiology > Chapter 37 worksheet > Flashcards

Chapter 37 worksheet Flashcards

1
Q

What is esophageal diverticulum?

A

herniation of the esophageal wall. Like a small bulge or sac that forms along the esophagus
Can happen due to muscle weakness
food can get trapped in here
-softens and structure doesn’t stay the same

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2
Q

What is dysphagia ?

A

Difficulty swallowing in any phase

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3
Q

what is mallory-weiss syndrome?

A

The symptom due to mallory-weiss tears
- Mallory -Weiss tears which are longitudinal tears at esophago- gastric junction
-

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4
Q

What is Hiatal hernia ?

A

-When the esophagus migrates and protrudes through the diaphragm which traps a piece of the esophagus in the diaphragm

This could lead to complication of food bolus traveling from the mouth to the stomach

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5
Q

What is GERD?

A

-A disease resulting from the reflex of gastric content
-Back flow of gastric contents up into the esophagus or up to the mouth, causing mucosal damage because of high acidic environment of the stomach

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6
Q

What can cause GERD

A

Weakness to esophageal sphincter, sphincter doesnt contract or relax as it should so it will cause back flow
-stomach acid that digest food can sneak back up in the esophagus and irritate the lining of the esophagus

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7
Q

What are signs and symptoms of GERD?

A

-Heart burn
-Regurgitation
-Occuring 30-60 minutes after eating
-Gets worse while bending or lying down
-Gets better when sitting up

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8
Q

What is esophageal cancer?

A

Cancer in the esophagus
(squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma)

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9
Q

What can cause esophageal cancer?

A

BARRETS ESOPHAGUS happens when the esophageal wall gets thick with stricture(narrowed)

Barrets esophagus is caused my chronic gerd
The hydrochloric acidic that spill into esophagus over time will cause the narrowing and thickening and overtime can cause cancer cells to develop

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10
Q

What are signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer?

A

-Progressive dysphagia( swallowing gets worse over time)
-Unintentional weight loss, anorexia
-Odynophagnia which is pain when swallow

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11
Q

what is acute gastritis?

A

Acute mucosal detsruction/inflammation of gastric lining

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12
Q

What is chronic gastritis ?

A

Mucosal damage happening over longer periods of time that will cause visible erosions and chronic inflammation of gastric lining

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13
Q

What will cause chronic gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori aka H. Pylori
which is infectious bacteria that produces enzymes and toxins that destroy the stomach lining.

most common cause of gastrtitis

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14
Q

What will H pylori do to the stomach

A

-lead to stomach shrinkage
-Stomach atrophy
-peptic ulcer

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15
Q

What is a stress ulcer?

A

Ulcerations in the stomach that are cause by increase hydrochloric acid or acidic environment that result from stress which can be from trauma, large surface burn, chronic infection( like sepsis),surgery, injury

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16
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

Ulcer disorder that occur in upper Gi tract that gets exposed to acid pepsin secretions and can cause sores or ulcers in your stomach

Mostly in duodenum and stomach

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17
Q

What causes peptic ulcer disease?

A

Infection by H. pylori or use of aspirin and naiads like ibuprofen

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18
Q

What are signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

A

-Burning( high acidic environment)
-Gnawing and cramping when stomach is empty and in the morning ( as stomach is empty it has more acidic content in it.
-Pain is relieved by food because food will lower acidity
-Anti-acids

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19
Q

what is stomach cancer ?

A

Tumors in the pyloric region or antrum of stomach

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20
Q

What can cause stomach cancer

A

-Could be genetics
-continuous intake of highly process foods
-Autoimmune disorders
-Gastris adeomas( tumor)
-Polyp can develop because of imbalanced environment in the stomach and lots of polyp

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21
Q

What are signs and symptoms of stomach cancer?

A

-Could be asymptomatic or non specific
if advanced
-Weakness, fatigue, bloating after meals
Upper abdominal pain
-nausea and vomiting

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22
Q

**Disorder of large intestine
What is Irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Chronic or recurring intestinal symptoms that don’t really have an explanation to happen

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23
Q

What causes IBS

A

unknowns

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24
Q

What are signs and symptoms of IBS

A

-Chronic
-abdominal pain or discomfort
-bloating
-Constipation oe diarrhea
-Alternating constipation and diarrhea
-Abdominal distention
-If patient sometimes has different poops, goes back and fourth for diarrhea and constipation and all test were run and nothing showing up then it would be IBS

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25
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

-Chronic inflammation of the bowel
-Mucosa of bowel has received signals that it needs to get inflamed and
Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are seen with this

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26
Q

What causes Inflammatory bowel disease?

A

-Not really known but can be a genetic component

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27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

-remission and exacerbation of diarrhea( comes and goes)
-Fecal urgency( sudden urge to eliminate bowel
-Weight loss because inflammation messes with nutrient absorption
-intestinal obstruction due to inflammation

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28
Q

what is Crohn’s disease?

A

Can occur anywhere but
-Inflammatory response that mostly effects the ileum and cecum
-Occurs in more in women around 20-30

29
Q

What are the hallmark signs of crohn’s disease?

A

-Skip lesions( area of swelling that looks abnormal that is surrounded by normal tissue)
-Cobble stone appearance of bowel due to fissures
-Bowel thickening
-Inflamed mesentery

30
Q

What can cause crohn’s disease?

A

Unknown
- probably genetic

31
Q

What are signs and symptoms of crohn’s disease?

A

-Diarrhea
-Abdominal pain
-Weightloss(not being able to absrob nutrients)
-Fluid and electrolytes disorders(not being able to absorb nutrients and diarrhea)
-Malaise( not feeling well)
-Low grade fever
-Fistulas or

32
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

-Inflammation of the colon that usually affects rectum and colon
-Occurs in 15-25 year olds

33
Q

What causes ulcerative colitis

A

UNKNOWN

34
Q

what are signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis

A

-Diarrhea that happens for days,weeks or months and suddenly go away and comes back again
-Hematocheciza( blood in stool)
-steatorrhea
-(mucus in stool)
-Diarrhea at night
-Abdominal pain or cramping
-Fecal incontinence
-Anorexia, weakness and fatique

35
Q

What is diverticular disease( diverticulosis)

A

Out-pouching/small pouching and sacs of colon without inflammation in the distal descending and sigmoid colon

36
Q

What causes Divertuclar disease?

A

-Lack of fiber
-Decreases physical activity
-Retaining stool
-Poor bowel habits
-aging

37
Q

What are signs and symptoms of diverticular disease?

A

-iliac fossa pain
-Change in bowel habits

38
Q

What is diverticulitis ?

A

Inflammatory disease in the diverticulum

39
Q

What causes diverticulitis?

A

Previous diverticular disease so it gets inflammes

40
Q

What are signs and symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

-Pain and tenderness in lower LEFT QUADRANT
-nausea and vomiting
-Slight fever
-elevated wbc

41
Q

What is colon cancer?

A

Cancer in the colon and rectucm

42
Q

What can cause colon cancer?

A

-Age, family history
-crohns or ulcerative colitis
-lack of fiber in diet
-high sugar intake
-high fat diet
-poor micronutrient

43
Q

What are signs and symptoms of colon cancer?

A

-Bleeding in stool
-Diarrhea or constipation
-sense of urgency or incomplete emptying of bowel
-Pain which is a late symptom

44
Q

What is enterocolitis ?

A

Infection of the GI tract by fecal oral route usually b/c contaminated food

45
Q

What causes enterocolitis?

A

Virus, bacteria, protozoa

46
Q

What are signs and symptoms of enterocolitis?

A

Gi symptoms
-Nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-anorexia (don’t feel like eating)
-Dehydration due to diarrhea

47
Q

What is C diff?( clostridium difficile colitis)

A

Specific infection that is related to gram positive spore
-response from normal flora that has gone wild

48
Q

What causes clostridium difficile colitis?

A

-Antibiotic therapy that is very long/many weeks

49
Q

What are signs and symptoms of clostridium difficile colitis?

A

-Mild-Moderate diarrhea
-lower abdominal cramping
-4-9 days after antibiotic therapy
-If not treated it will result in death

50
Q

What is E.coli( Escherichia coli infection)

A

Infection of Gi tract due to infected milk, pork or poultry lamb
-Transmitted through food
-Can occur in one person and transmit

51
Q

What cause E.coli?

A

-Infected meat product that are undercooked

52
Q

What are signs and symptoms of E.coli?

A

-Non bloody diarrhea
-hemmorhagic colitis
-Hemolytic uremic syndrome
-TTP
(Don’t look too much into this)

53
Q

What is viral enterocolitis

A

Disrupts epithelium of small intestine
which is cause by virus and will cause diarrhea

54
Q

What is rotavirus?

A

-Occurs most in children
Mostly seen in children
-spread through fecal oral route
-Caused specifically by rotavirus
about 1-3 days

55
Q

What are signs and symptoms of rotavirus?

A

-FEVER IN CHILDREN
-vomiting
-Watery stools, diarrhea that continues for 5-7 days
-Dehydration due to all that loss of fluid

56
Q

What is protozoal infection?

A

-Can occur in colon and sometimes liver
-Acute onset of diarrhea 8 days after infection
-Can continue for months or years

57
Q

What can cause protozoal infection?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

58
Q

What are signs and symptoms of protozoal infection?

A

-malodorous flatus!!
-Fowel smell
-Liquid stool with bloody mucus
-Bloody diarrhea
-Abdominal pain
-Fever
-Nausea
-cramping

59
Q

What is appendicits?

A

Inflammation of appendix
-Has gone through gangrene, if appendix has gotten inflamed to the point where it has not gotten perfused necrosis will happen and that will cause grangrene

60
Q

What causes appenditis

A

unknown but could be obstruction with fecal content in appendix

61
Q

What are signs and symptoms of appendicitis

A

-Abrupt pain which would be pain that happens suddenly and radiates to epigastric area
-The pain is vague at first but comes colicky like spasms in the LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT
-True fever
-Tenderness in lower right quadrant!!

62
Q

What is peritonitis ?

A

Inflammatory response of serous membrane lining of abdominal cavity
-leading cause of death after surgery because there is bacteria from the bowel that infects the peritoneal cavity
-Bowel spilling out into the peritoneal cavity

63
Q

What causes peritonitis ?

A

-Bacterial invasion
-Perforated peptic ulcer
-Ruptured appendix
-perforated diverticulum
-gangrenous gall bladder
-Pelvic inflammatory disease

64
Q

What are signs and symptoms of peritonitis ?

A

-Pain
-tenderness across entire abdomen
-rigid abdomen ( tight like a ballon)
-vomiting
-fever
-hiccups
-Paralytic ileus( things are not moving along the ileus

65
Q

What is hematoemesis?

A

Bloody vomiting
describe as coffee ground

66
Q

What os hematochezia?

A

Bloody stool from lower GI tract

67
Q

What is melena?

A

Blood in stool that have traveled from upper gi tract which causes it to appear black and tarry

68
Q

What is feculent

A

Stool in vomit
obstruction in bowel, if it can not exit out anus it will exit out the mouth

69
Q

what is steatorrhea?

A

Fat in stool

Pathophysiology (33 decks)

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