Chapter 23: Disorders of RBC

Question 1

Describe RBC development

Answer 1

-Developed continuously from stem cells and bone marrow
-They move through a series of divisions to develop into mature red blood cells
-RBC loses its mitochondira and ribosomes once it matures

Question 2

What are the functions of RBC ?

Answer 2

-Transport o2 primarily

-produce globulins
a protein that surrounds the atom of iron and binds to oxygen

Question 3

What is erythropoiesis ?

Answer 3

-Red blood cells produced in the red bone marrow after birth
-Undergo changes depending on age
-Over time the red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow
After 5 years of age bone marrow activity gradually declines
-After 20 ears red cell production takes place in mainly membranous bones
-With reduction of red bone marrow activity, red bone marrow is replaced with fatty yellow bone marrow

Question 4

Describe red blood cell destruction?

Answer 4

-Red blood cells only live for about 120 days and are broken down in the spleen
-The by products are iron and amino acids which get recycled
-The heme molecule is converted into bilirubin and transported to the liver. The heme molecule is removed and rendered for water soluble for eliminate in the bile and stool

Question 5

What is bilirubin?

Answer 5

• By product of the heme being converted into bilirubin
  -Insoluble in plasma
  -Remove from body by liver and conjugated with glucuronide to render it water soluble
  -If you have an excess destruction of red blood cells you will have a increase in bilirubin which will lead to jaundice

Question 6

What is transfusion therapy?

Answer 6

They will get blood replaced of red blood cells or other blood components

Question 7

What are major blood cells?

Answer 7

A,B,O, AB

Question 8

What does the presence of D antigen determine?

Answer 8

RH positive tyep

Question 9

What does the absence of D antigen determine?

Answer 9

RH negative type

Question 10

What are signs and symptoms of transfusion reaction?

Answer 10

-Sensation of heat along the entry point where the blood is being infused
-Flushing of the face
-Urticaria, headache, pain in the lumbar area
-Chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest
-Cramping pain in the abdomen
-Nausea, vomiting
-Tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnea

Question 11

What is anemia?

Answer 11

-Abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or low level of hemoglobin or both

Caused by a destruction of rbc or excessive loss of rbc like when bleeding

Question 12

What are signs and symptoms of anemia ?

Answer 12

-Fatigue
-Low hemoglobin levels
-Signs and symptoms associated with the pathologic process that is causing anemia
There many types of anemia but and each have different symptoms and fatigue is more common

Question 13

What are different types of anemia ?

Answer 13

Iron deficiency anemia
-Inadequate amount of RBC

Megaloblastic anemias
-Cobalamin deficiency anemia
-Folic acid defieciency anemia

Aplastic anemia
-Lack of RBC production

Chronic disease anemia
-Result from long term illness and subsequent inflammation

Question 14

What is Extravascular RBC destruction?

Answer 14

-When red blood cels become less deformable, making it hard for them to travel across the splenic sinusoids

Question 15

What is Intravascular RBC destruction?

Answer 15

Result of a complement fixation in transfusion reactions, mechanical injury or toxic factors. Breaking down within the blood vessel

Question 16

What is sickle cell disease?

Answer 16

-An inherited disorder
-Leads to chromic hemolytic anemia, pain or organ failure

Question 17

What is Thalassemias ?

Answer 17

-An inherited disorder that leads to a decreased synthesis in hemoglobin

Question 18

What causes sickle cell disease?

Answer 18

Abnormal structure of the component of rbc ,make them shaped like a sickle

Question 19

What is iron deficiency anemia ?

Answer 19

-Very common world wide
-Results from loss of iron through bleeding, or dietary deficiency of iron, or increased demand
-Iron is required for oxygen transport, so this could impair o2 transport

Question 20

What can vitamin B12 deficiency tell you?

Answer 20

-Hall mark sign of megaloblastic anemia
-There are abnormally large blood cells due to excess cytoplasmic growth and structural proteins

Question 21

What cause aplastic anemia?

Answer 21

Exposure to radiation, chemicals, and toxins that suppress hematopoiesis directly or through immune respnse

Question 22

What is polycythemia ?

Answer 22

A condition in which the mass of the rbc is increased

Question 23

What types of polycythemia is there?

Answer 23

• Relative Polycythemia
  -Primary polycythemia
  -Secondary polycythemia

Question 24

What is relative polycythemia ?

Answer 24

Results from a loss of vascular fluid(plasma volume) and is corrected by replacing fluid

Question 25

What is primary polycythemia?

Answer 25

Over production of RBC by the bone barrow due to mutation or biological factor in the body

Question 26

What is secondary polycythemia?

Answer 26

Caused by high blood Erythropoietin levels causes by hypoxic conditions such as chronic heart and lungs

Question 27

What are signs a nd symptoms of polycythemia ?

Answer 27

-Splenomegaly
-Depletion of Iron
-Disrupted cardiac output
-Hypertension
-Decreased cerebral blood flow
-Venous stasis
-Thromboembolism and hemorrhage

Question 28

What is polycythemia vera?

Answer 28

Rare bloods disorder
-There is a mutation in the Jak 2 genes, and the Jak 2 stays activated even without the presence of erythropoietin which has the cell dividing continuously. Cell tissue starts to die out causing scar to form and the bone marrow can no longer produce rbc

Question 29

What are signs and symptoms of Polycythemia vera?

Answer 29

-Fatique
-Headaches
-Dizziness
-Episodic blurred vision
-Peripheral tingling. or burning and itching
-Hypertension
-Mucusal cyanosis
-Bruising
-Petechiae
-Enlarged spleen or liver