Chapter 23: Disorders of RBC Flashcards
Describe RBC development
-Developed continuously from stem cells and bone marrow
-They move through a series of divisions to develop into mature red blood cells
-RBC loses its mitochondira and ribosomes once it matures
What are the functions of RBC ?
-Transport o2 primarily
-produce globulins
a protein that surrounds the atom of iron and binds to oxygen
What is erythropoiesis ?
-Red blood cells produced in the red bone marrow after birth
-Undergo changes depending on age
-Over time the red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow
After 5 years of age bone marrow activity gradually declines
-After 20 ears red cell production takes place in mainly membranous bones
-With reduction of red bone marrow activity, red bone marrow is replaced with fatty yellow bone marrow
Describe red blood cell destruction?
-Red blood cells only live for about 120 days and are broken down in the spleen
-The by products are iron and amino acids which get recycled
-The heme molecule is converted into bilirubin and transported to the liver. The heme molecule is removed and rendered for water soluble for eliminate in the bile and stool
What is bilirubin?
- By product of the heme being converted into bilirubin
-Insoluble in plasma
-Remove from body by liver and conjugated with glucuronide to render it water soluble
-If you have an excess destruction of red blood cells you will have a increase in bilirubin which will lead to jaundice
What is transfusion therapy?
They will get blood replaced of red blood cells or other blood components
What are major blood cells?
A,B,O, AB
What does the presence of D antigen determine?
RH positive tyep
What does the absence of D antigen determine?
RH negative type
What are signs and symptoms of transfusion reaction?
-Sensation of heat along the entry point where the blood is being infused
-Flushing of the face
-Urticaria, headache, pain in the lumbar area
-Chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest
-Cramping pain in the abdomen
-Nausea, vomiting
-Tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnea
What is anemia?
-Abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or low level of hemoglobin or both
Caused by a destruction of rbc or excessive loss of rbc like when bleeding
What are signs and symptoms of anemia ?
-Fatigue
-Low hemoglobin levels
-Signs and symptoms associated with the pathologic process that is causing anemia
There many types of anemia but and each have different symptoms and fatigue is more common
What are different types of anemia ?
Iron deficiency anemia
-Inadequate amount of RBC
Megaloblastic anemias
-Cobalamin deficiency anemia
-Folic acid defieciency anemia
Aplastic anemia
-Lack of RBC production
Chronic disease anemia
-Result from long term illness and subsequent inflammation
What is Extravascular RBC destruction?
-When red blood cels become less deformable, making it hard for them to travel across the splenic sinusoids
What is Intravascular RBC destruction?
Result of a complement fixation in transfusion reactions, mechanical injury or toxic factors. Breaking down within the blood vessel
What is sickle cell disease?
-An inherited disorder
-Leads to chromic hemolytic anemia, pain or organ failure
What is Thalassemias ?
-An inherited disorder that leads to a decreased synthesis in hemoglobin
What causes sickle cell disease?
Abnormal structure of the component of rbc ,make them shaped like a sickle
What is iron deficiency anemia ?
-Very common world wide
-Results from loss of iron through bleeding, or dietary deficiency of iron, or increased demand
-Iron is required for oxygen transport, so this could impair o2 transport
What can vitamin B12 deficiency tell you?
-Hall mark sign of megaloblastic anemia
-There are abnormally large blood cells due to excess cytoplasmic growth and structural proteins
What cause aplastic anemia?
Exposure to radiation, chemicals, and toxins that suppress hematopoiesis directly or through immune respnse
What is polycythemia ?
A condition in which the mass of the rbc is increased
What types of polycythemia is there?
- Relative Polycythemia
-Primary polycythemia
-Secondary polycythemia
What is relative polycythemia ?
Results from a loss of vascular fluid(plasma volume) and is corrected by replacing fluid
What is primary polycythemia?
Over production of RBC by the bone barrow due to mutation or biological factor in the body
What is secondary polycythemia?
Caused by high blood Erythropoietin levels causes by hypoxic conditions such as chronic heart and lungs
What are signs a nd symptoms of polycythemia ?
-Splenomegaly
-Depletion of Iron
-Disrupted cardiac output
-Hypertension
-Decreased cerebral blood flow
-Venous stasis
-Thromboembolism and hemorrhage
What is polycythemia vera?
Rare bloods disorder
-There is a mutation in the Jak 2 genes, and the Jak 2 stays activated even without the presence of erythropoietin which has the cell dividing continuously. Cell tissue starts to die out causing scar to form and the bone marrow can no longer produce rbc
What are signs and symptoms of Polycythemia vera?
-Fatique
-Headaches
-Dizziness
-Episodic blurred vision
-Peripheral tingling. or burning and itching
-Hypertension
-Mucusal cyanosis
-Bruising
-Petechiae
-Enlarged spleen or liver
