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Pathophysiology > Chapter 38 bookies > Flashcards

Chapter 38 bookies Flashcards

1
Q

Functionof liver

A

-Produces bile ( bile breaks down fats so it can be easily absorbed in digestive tract
-Process nutrients
-regulates blood glucose levels
-Detoxification
-storage energy in form of glycogen
-Protein synthesis
-recycling blood cells

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2
Q

How much blood supply goes to the liver?

A

about a quart 1/4 of blood supply goes to the GI system which includes the liver

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3
Q

**Liver blood flow
what is hepatic portal vein ?

A

Digestive tract and major abdominal organs
-direct blood to liver and receive nutrient rich blood

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4
Q

Ask about liver blood flow

A
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5
Q

What are things the liver can serve as?

A

-Blood reservoir- serves as storage and filter
-Metabolism- carbohydrate, fat, protein, fat soluble drugs
-Secretory- bile, bile acids, salts and pigments
-Excretory- Bilirubin, drugs, toxins
-Synthesis -vitamins, carbohydrates, etc
-Storage-Vitamins, carbohydrates, etc
-detoxification-Toxins, ammonia

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6
Q

How much bile is produced daily

A

500-600 ml daily

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7
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

When bile does not flow and has not flowed through the liver to the gall bladder into the small intestine

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8
Q

What is bilirubin elimination

A

Travels to small intestine where it is absorbed into the portal circulation or excreted in feces
-it should not hang out because it is a waste product and should be 100% eliminated

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9
Q

what is jaudince?

A

Build up of bilirubin in blood stream causing yellowing of skin

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10
Q

What causes jaudince ?

A

-Destruction of rbc
-Impaired uptake of bilirubin by liver cells
-Decreases conjugation of bilirubin
-Obstruction of bile flow in the canaliculi of hepatic lobules or in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts

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11
Q

What are categories of jaundice?

A

Prehepatic
Intrahepatic
posthepatic

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12
Q

**Categories of jaundice
What is prehepatic of jaundice?

A

Destruction of RBC, body is breaking down rbc quickly
-Bilirubin starts to appear in the blood stream and yellowing of skin, eyes occur

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13
Q

**Categories of jaundice
What is intrahepatic of jaundice?

A

Disorders that directly affect how the liver is able to remove bilirubin from the blood so it can be eliminated

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14
Q

**Categories of jaundice
What is Post hepatic jaundice?

A

Bile flow is obstructed so bile can’t drain as it should between liver and intestine

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15
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

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16
Q

What can cause hepatitis?

A

-Autoimmune disorders
-Reactions to drugs or toxins
-Infectious disorders like malaria, amebiasis
-Hepatotropic (Liver-specific ) v

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17
Q

What are patterns for hepatitis

A

-could be asymptomatic
-Acute hepatitis has specific symptoms
-Carrier state, is when it remains the liver and will be in carrier state
-Chronic hepatitis
-Fulminating disease which is when it starts affecting other organs and not only the liver

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18
Q

what is hepatitis A caused by?

A

-Transmitted through the fecal- oral route
-Hepatitis A virus

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19
Q

Describe hepatitis A

A

-could be asymptomatic
-Could last for about 2 months and resolve on its own
-Transmitted through fecal oral route
-Immunizations prevent diseasese

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20
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hepatitis A?

A

-Dark urine and jaundice!
-Fever
-Malaise,
-nausea
-anorexia
-Abdominal discomfort

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21
Q

What causes hepatitis b?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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22
Q

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

A

-Infected blood
-Other body fluid like sexual or orally

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23
Q

Describe hepatitis B

A

Incubation is about 14-28 days
-It could last a couple of weeks to 6 months
-If it gets serious it can cause liver failure
-Has immunization

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24
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B?

A

-Clay colored stool and joint pain
-Loss of appetite
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Joint pain
-Abdominal pain

25
Q

How is hepatitis C be trasmitted?

A

-Blood to blood
-Injection drug use
-high risk sexual behavior

26
Q

Describe hepatitis C?

A

signs and symptoms are very similar to hepatitis B
- incubation is about 2-26 days and duration is 2-12 weeks
-Immunization does not exist

27
Q

What is fulminant hepatitis?

A

Fatalform of Acute form of hep usually b
- associated with sever hep B infection
-The liver is severely damages and there in no cure
-rare but has a few cases

28
Q

What is intrahepatic biliary disease?

A

Disease that disrupt flow of bile through the liver which could result in cholestasis and biliary cirrhosis

29
Q

What causes intrahepatic biliary disease?

A

-Primary biliary cirrhosis
-Primary sclerosing cholangitis
-Secondary biliary cirrhosis

30
Q

What are early symptoms of Intraheptic bilary disease

A

Unexplained pruritus (itching)
Weight loss
Fatigue

31
Q

What are later symptoms of Intrahepatic biliary disease?

A

-Dark urine and pale stools
-Jaundice

32
Q

What are 3 types of alcohol induced liver disease?

A

-Fatty liver disease
-Alcoholic hepatitis
-Cirrhosis

33
Q

Describe the Alcoholic liver disease

A

-Liver will start to have more fatty tissue in it
-it will have acute inflammation and that will cause scaring so fibrin will build up and make liver stiff
-Scaring will lead to Cirrhosis will make the liver stiff and unable to fix
-Cirrhosis will eventually lead to liver failure which is not reversible

34
Q

What is non alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Excess fat deposited into the liver
-The fatty deposit disease does not increase unless you make it worse with drinking

35
Q

What are risk factors of non alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

-Co-existing obesity
-Type 2 diabetes
-Metabolic syndrome
-Dyslipidemia
-nutritional abnormalities
-Surgery,drugs, exposure to toxins

36
Q

What are signs and symptoms of non alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Usually asymptomatic
-Fatigue
and upper quadrant paint will be present

37
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

-End stage chronic liver disease
-Dense fibrous tissue replaces hepatic tissue
-The fibrous tissue leads to scarring and due to the stiff scaring the liver can no longer function

38
Q

What are signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?

A

-Melena which is dark tarry stools
-Fector hepaticus which would be bad breathe
-Esophageal varices is varicose veins in the esophagus
-Asterixis which is hand shaking
-Diarrhea or constipation
-Hepatomegaly
-Jaundice
-Abdominal pain
-Anorexia, weakness, weight loss

39
Q

What are signs and symptoms of liver failure?

A

-Hematologic disorders
-Endocrine disorders
-Skin disorders
-Hepatorenal syndrome
-Hepatic encephalopathy

40
Q

What is portal hypertension

A

increased pressure within the portal venous system

41
Q

What is primary liver cancer?

A

Starts in the liver

42
Q

What is secondary liver cancer/ Metastatic liver cancer?

A

Cancer that started somewhere else and is affecting the liver

43
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma ?

A

Most common liver cancer
-arise from the liver cells

44
Q

What can cause hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

-Viral hepatitis
-Cirrhosis
-Drug exposure
-Water contaminated with arsenic

45
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Liver cancer?

A

-Fullness or pain
-Abdominal swelling
-Weakness
-anorexia
-Weightloss
-Fatigue

46
Q

What is cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Primary cancer of bile ducts but rare

47
Q

What is cholangitis?

A

Inflammation of common bile duct

48
Q

What is function of gall bladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

49
Q

What is pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

50
Q

What are the two types of pancreatitis?

A

Acute and chronic

51
Q

What is acute pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatic ducts becomes obstructed and enzymes back up which causes autodigestion and inflammation of the pancreas

52
Q

What are signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

A

epigastric or periumbilical pain radiating to back, chest, or flank; fever; tachycardia; hypotension; severe abdominal tenderness; abdominal distention. Can be mild, severe, or life-threatening

pain will be in upper right quadrant with fever

53
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

Progressive inflammatory disorder that destroys the pancreas.
Cells are replaced by fibrous obstructing the pancreatic and common bile ducts

54
Q

What are signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis?

A

recurring epigastric or upper left quadrant pain; precipitated by alcohol or overeating; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, flatulence

55
Q

What are common causes for acute pancreatitis?

A

-GALLSTONE (stones in the common duct)
-Alcohol abuse
-HYPERLIDEMIA

Hyperparathyroidism
Infections (particularly viral)
Abdominal and surgical trauma
Drugs such as steroids and thiazide diuretics

56
Q

What is the cause of pancreatic cancer?

A

UNKNOWN

57
Q

What are risk factors of pancreatic cancer?

A

SMoking and diet
-High intake of fat, meat, salt
-Dehydrated foods, fried foods, refined sugars, soybeans, and nitrosamines

58
Q

What are signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

A

dull epigastric pain radiating to dull back pain; worsening pain in supine position relieved by sitting; jaundice; weight loss

Pathophysiology (33 decks)

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