Chapter 8 The Digestive System A&P Flashcards
known as the GI tract.
gastrointestinal tract
consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
upper GI tract
sometimes referred to as the bowels, is made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus
lower GI tract
also known as the mouth, are the lips, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
oral cavity
surround the opening for the oral cavity
lips
forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts
palate
what are the three parts of the palate
hard and soft palate and uvula
anterior portion of the palate.
hard palate
is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. closes nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
soft palate
is the third part, and it hands from the free edge of the soft palate
uvula
very strong, flexible, and muscular. important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing
tongue
small bumps on the tongue
papillae
sensory receptors for the sense of taste
taste buds
of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascularized tissue
sublingual surface
means under the tongue
sublingual
is a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenulum
describes the structure that surrounds, supports, and are attached to the teeth
periodontium
specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth
gingiva or gums
are the body structures of the oral cavity
dental arches
is commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull
maxillary arch
commonly known as the the lower jaw, is a separate bone and is only movable component of the joint
mandibular arch
commonly known as TMJ, is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
temporomandibular joint
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
dentition
teeth are used for biting and tearing
incisors and canines (cuspids)
these teeth are used for chewing and grinding
premolars (bicuspids) and molars
the primary dentition. consists of 20 teeth that erupt during childhood
deciduous or baby teeth
consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime
permanent dentition
is the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth
crown
is the hardest substance in the body. covers teeth
enamel
hold it securely in place within the dental arch
roots
is where the crown and root meet.
neck (cervix) of the tooth
makes up the bulk of the tooth. portion above gum line is covered with enamel
dentin
is the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth
pulp cavity
consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth
pulp
is a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth
saliva
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
salivary glands
are located on the face, slightly in front of each ear. secrete a more watery fluid
parotid gland
and their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
sublingual glands
and their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible. secrete a more viscous fluid
submandibular glands
common passage for both respiration and digestion
pharynx
commonly known as swallowing
deglutition
is a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea
epiglottis
is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
is a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. during swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
means to flow backward
regurgitating
is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum
stomach
are the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach
rugae
aid in the beginning of food digestion
gastric juices
is the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
pylorus
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine
small intestine
is the first portion of the small intestine.
duodenum
is the middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
is the last and longest portion of the small intestine
ileum
extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus
large intestine
is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen
cecum
is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
ileocecal sphincter
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum
vermiform appendix
is the longest portion of the large intestine, is divided into four parts
colon
travels upward from the cecum to the under surface of the liver
ascending colon
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
transverse colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below
sigmoid colon
is the widest division of the large intestine. makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
rectum
is the lower opening of the digestive tract. flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter
anus
refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
anorectal
play a key role in the digestive process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
accessory organs
is the largest organ in the body. has several functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into fuel and nutrients the body needs
liver
means pertaining to the liver
hepatic
known as blood sugar
glucose
is a from of starch that is stored in the liver
glycogen
is a yellow to green fluid, commonly known as bile, that is manufactured by the liver and necessary for the digestion of fat
bilirubin
aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver
bile
provides channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
bilary tree
small ducts in the liver joint together like branches to form the bilary tree. the trunk, which is just outside the liver, is known as the
common hepatic duct
the bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through the narrow
cystic duct
cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct to form the
common bile duct
common bile duct joins this and together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine
pancreatic duct
is a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver stores and concentrates bile for later use
gallbladder
means pertaining to the gallbladder
cholecystic
is a soft, 6-inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids
pancreas
is the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
digestion
includes all processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
metabolism
is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
anabolism
is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
absorption
also known as chewing, breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
mastication
is a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
bolus
is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food into the digestive system
peristalsis
is a semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach
chyme
solid body wastes that are expelled through the rectum and anus
feces
known as a bowel movement (BM), is the evacuation of emptying of the large intestine
defecation
is the rumbling noise caused by the movements of gas in the intestine
borborygmus
known as a flatus, is the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
flatulence
is the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
holds a doctor of dental surgery or doctor of medical dentistry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
dentist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestine
gastroenterologist
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
is a dentist specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orthodontist
is a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
periodonist
is a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
proctologist
is any deviation from the normal position of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
malocclusion
are peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach
gastric ulcers
are peptic ulcers that occur in the upper paper of the small intestine
duodenal ulcers
is a complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
perforating ulcer
abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that normally should be separate
intestinal adhesions
the blood flow to a segment of the intestine is blocked
strangulating obstruction
is the most prevalent type of hepatitis. is caused by highly contagious virus and is transmitted mainly through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
is a bloodborne disease that is transmitted through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. body fluids and blood
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
is a bloodborne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated. silent epidemic because it can be present for years, and destroys liver before symptoms. blood transfusions
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
makes the stomach smaller, usually by stapling a section to create a small pouch
gastric bypass surgery
procedure involves placing a band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter
lap-band adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)
is an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
ulcer
is used to describe hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of the body
calculus
means a backward or return flow
reflux
means abnormally thin
emaciated
means continuous, excessive hunger
bulimia
describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
comorbidity
is a temporary impairment (stopage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery
postoperative ileus
is tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation
gangrene
pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct
biliary colic
used for the upper GI series
barium swallow
used for the lower GI series
barium enema
such as bran, treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft as it moves through the intestines
bulk-forming laxatives
means not in or through the digestive system
parenteral
is performed through an incision in the right side of the upper abdomen
open cholecystectomy
is the surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted through three or four small incisions in the abdominal wall
laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lap choley)
