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►MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY STATES > Chapter 10 The Nervous System A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 10 The Nervous System A&P Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

two primary parts of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

includes the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pair of peripheral nerve extending outward from the spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

A

nerve

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5
Q

is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

A

tract

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6
Q

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

A

ascending nerve tracts

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7
Q

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

A

descending nerve tracts

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8
Q

is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.

A

ganglion

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9
Q

means the supply of nerves to a specific body part

A

innervation

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10
Q

is a network of intersecting spinal nerves

A

plexus

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11
Q

are the sites in the sensory that receive external stimulation

A

receptors

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12
Q

is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

A

reflex

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13
Q

are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

A

neurons

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14
Q

patterns of neuron electrical activity

A

brain waves

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15
Q

what are the three parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, axon, cell body

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16
Q

are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

A

dendrites

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17
Q

is a structure that extends out from the body cell

A

process

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18
Q

is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

A

axon

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19
Q

also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

A

afferent neurons

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20
Q

also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and efferent neurons

A

connecting neurons

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21
Q

also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands

A

efferent neurons

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22
Q

means toward

A

afferent

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23
Q

means away from

A

efferent

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24
Q

are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse

A

terminal end fibers

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25
Q

is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

A

synapse

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26
Q

are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

A

neurotransmitters

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27
Q

is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

is released within the brain. it is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine

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29
Q

are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

A

endorphins

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30
Q

affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress

A

norepineprhine

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31
Q

is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. sometimes linked to mood disorders

A

serotonin

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32
Q

provides support and protection for neurons

A

glial cells

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33
Q

is the protective covering made up of glial cells. white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord

A

myelin sheath

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34
Q

portion of nerve fibers that are myelinated are known as

A

white matter

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35
Q

means having a myelin sheath

A

myelinated

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36
Q

portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as

A

gray matter

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37
Q

means lacking a myelin sheath

A

unmyelinated

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38
Q

is made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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39
Q

are a system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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40
Q

is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

A

dura mater (tough mother)

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41
Q

inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the. located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges

A

epidural space

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42
Q

is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

A

subdural space

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43
Q

resembles a spiderweb, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater

A

arachnoid membrane

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44
Q

is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

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45
Q

is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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46
Q

is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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47
Q

is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain.

A

cerebrum

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48
Q

means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

A

cerebral

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49
Q

which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures

A

cerebral cortex

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50
Q

are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex

A

gyri

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51
Q

are the fissures of the cerebral cortex

A

sulci

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52
Q

is a normally occurring deep groove in the brain

A

fissure

53
Q

the cerebrum divided into two

A

cerebral hemispheres

54
Q

what connects the two cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

55
Q

controls the highest level of thought, including judgment, memory, association, and critical thinking. all voluntary muscle activity

A

cerebrum

56
Q

relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

57
Q

controls vital bodily functions. maintains homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

A

cerebellum

59
Q

controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal

A

brainstem

60
Q

controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body

A

left cerebral hemisphere

61
Q

controls most of the functions on the left side of the body

A

right cerebral hemisphere

62
Q

controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

A

frontal lobe

63
Q

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles

A

parietal lobe

64
Q

controls eyesight

A

occipital lobe

65
Q

controls the sense of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information

A

temporal lobe

66
Q

is the second largest part of the brain. located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum

A

cerebellum

67
Q

is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord

A

brainstem

68
Q

provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

A

midbrain and pons

69
Q

is located at the lowest portion of the brain stem. controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

70
Q

is along, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column

A

spinal cord

71
Q

means pertaining to body parts that are away from the center of the body

A

peripheral

72
Q

carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system

A

autonomic nerve fibers

73
Q

receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted

A

sensory nerve fibers

74
Q

also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements

A

somatic nerve fibers

75
Q

originate from the under surface of the brain. have a variety of functions

A

cranial nerves

76
Q

are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate. 31 pairs

A

peripheral spinal nerves

77
Q

is organized into two divisions, controls involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs

A

autonomic nervous system

78
Q

is the process of maintaining the constant internal environment of the body

A

homeostasis

79
Q

prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

A

sympathetic nervous system

80
Q

body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary danger

A

fight-or-flight response

81
Q

return the body to normal after a response to stress.

A

parasympathetic

82
Q

is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and after surgery

A

anesthesiologist

83
Q

is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist

A

anesthetist

84
Q

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system

A

neurologist

85
Q

is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

A

neurosurgeon

86
Q

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

A

psychiatrist

87
Q

has a doctoral degree, but is not a medical doctor. evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

A

psychologist

88
Q

describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact

A

coup

89
Q

is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

A

contrecoup, counterblow

90
Q

destroys brain tissue and is invasive

A

malignant brain tumor

91
Q

does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing intracranial pressure

A

benign brain tumor

92
Q

is the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it

A

post-polio syndrome

93
Q

is any disease or damage to a nerve

A

neuropathy

94
Q

is damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

mononeuropathy

95
Q

is when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged

A

polyneuropathy

96
Q

is a barbituate used as a sedative and hypnotic

A

amobarbital

97
Q

is a barbituate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

A

phenobarbital

98
Q

causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area

A

local anesthesia

99
Q

the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked

A

regional anesthesia

100
Q

numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray

A

topical anesthesia

101
Q

is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

A

dystonia

102
Q

is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. usually have above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication

A

Asperger’s syndrome

103
Q

is a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

A

kleptomania

104
Q

is a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

A

pyromania

105
Q

is a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one’s own hair

A

trichotillomania

106
Q

is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

A

antisocial personality disorder

107
Q

is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

A

borderline personality disorder

108
Q

is a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others

A

narcissistic personality disorder

109
Q

is a psychological or physical syndrome (or both) caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of alcohol or a drug in an addicted individual

A

withdrawal

110
Q

is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purposes

A

recreational drug

111
Q

is a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure

A

warning aura

112
Q

is a memory disorder, usually associated with with recently acquired information, which may be an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease

A

mild cognitive impairment

113
Q

is dementia of the aged

A

senile dementia

114
Q

located above the dura mater is a cranial hematoma

A

epidural hematoma

115
Q

located below the dura mater is a cranial hematoma

A

subdural hematoma

116
Q

refers to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substance abuse such as medications, drugs, or alcohol

A

altered levels of consciousness (ALOC)

117
Q

means indifference and a reduced level of activity

A

apathy

118
Q

refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness

A

lethargic

119
Q

refers to a person who is in a coma

A

comatose

120
Q

occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than the brain and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in the narrower brain arteries

A

embolic stroke

121
Q

is the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath

A

demyelination

122
Q

is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted

A

spasticity

123
Q

means paralysis of a body part that is often accompanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking

A

palsy

124
Q

involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection

A

general anesthesia

125
Q

is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

A

dystonia

126
Q

characterized by high energy and a short wavelength, is also used in nuclear medicine

A

gamma radiation

127
Q

is restlessness or a continuous excess of movement

A

hyperactivity

128
Q

means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring

A

factitious

129
Q

is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. individuals usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication

A

Asperger’s syndrome

►MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY STATES (65 decks)

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