Chapter 6 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems A&P Flashcards by Yamen Unknown

are specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats than cannot be transported by the blood stream

lacteals

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also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries

interstitial fluid

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is made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid

lymph

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are microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

lymphatic capillaries

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lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries into these larger structures, which are located deeper within the tissues

lymphatic vessels

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collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm

right lymphatic duct

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is the proximal part of the main vein of the arm. where the lymphatic and circulatory system meet

subclavian vein

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the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs

thoracic duct

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contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

lymph node

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are located along the sides of the neck

cervical lymph nodes

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are located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

axillary nodes

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are located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen

inguinal lymph nodes

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also known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

lymphocytes

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means the process of becoming mature

maturation

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means to be modified to perform a specific function

differentiation

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play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

natural killer cells (NK cells)

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known as B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

B cells

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develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

plasma cells

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known as T lymphocytes, belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes. get name from origin in the thymus, play a role in cell-mediated immunity

T cells

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are a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells

cytokines

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are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication

interferons

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play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

interleukins

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means pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph

lymphoid

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are three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

tonsils

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known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx

adenoids

are located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

palatine tonsils

are located at the base of the tongue; however, they are not readily visible

lingual tonsils

is a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age

thymus

commonly referred to as the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine

vermiform appendix

is a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach

spleen

function is to destroy worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

hemolytic

which are disease-producing microorganisms

pathogens

which are substances that produce allergic reactions

allergens

which are poisonous or harmful substances

toxins

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

malignant cells

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

intact skin

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and moist mucous membranes lining the respiratory system

respiratory system

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed

digestive system

specialized leukocytes work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

lymphatic system

also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies

antigen-antibody reaction

is any substance that the body regards as being foreign

antigen

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

tolerance

is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

antibody

binds with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

immunoglobulins

the most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. these antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

is the class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

is the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

is the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. these antibodies are important in B cell activation

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

is the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. these are responsible for allergic reactions

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

are specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris. performs phagocytosis

phagocytes

are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

monocytes

is a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

macrophage

are specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infection

dendritic cells

is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

the complement system

is the state of being resistant to a specific disease

immunity

is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

natural immunity (passive immunity)

is obtained by having had a contagious disease

acquired immunity

is a prescription containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened

vaccine

provides protection against the disease

vaccination

is a specialist in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity

allergist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

immunologist

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

lymphologist

is a physician who specializes in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

oncologist

is a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

scratch test

means weakened or not functioning properly

compromised

weakened by another condition

debilitated

means to cause greater activity

stimulate

decrease or stop a normal response

repress

is not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening

benign tumor

is a form of cancer. capable of spreading to distant body sites, including to other body systems

malignant tumor

means in place where the cancer first occurred

in situ

is a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body

sentinel node biopsy

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

immediate breast reconstruction

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment

delayed breast reconstruction

means to increase rapidly

proliferation

refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug

adjuvant

a serious sensitivity to light

photophobia

agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria

bacteriostatic

type of sarcoma that arise from bone or cartilage

hard-tissue sarcoma

type of sarcoma that are cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints

soft-tissue sarcomas

type of sarcoma that arise from blood and lymph

liquid-tissue sarcoma

stage of breast cancer where cancer cells are found only in one location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ

stage 0

stage of breast cancer where cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached the lymph nodes

stage 1

stage of breast cancer where cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached the axillary (armpit) lymph nodes

stage II

stage of breast cancer where cancer has spread to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin

stage III

stage of breast cancer where cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones. this is also known as invasive cancer

stage IV