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►MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY STATES > Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease A&P Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

is the study of the structures of the body

A

anatomy

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2
Q

is the study of the functions of the structures of the body

A

physiology

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3
Q

describes the body standing in the standard position

A

anatomic position

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4
Q

are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

A

body planes

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5
Q

is an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon

A

vertical plane

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6
Q

is a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

A

sagittal plane

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7
Q

also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

A

midsagittal plane (midline)

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8
Q

is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal plane (coronal plane)

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9
Q

is a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon

A

horizontal plane

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10
Q

is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

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11
Q

refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

A

ventral

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12
Q

refers to the back of the organ or body

A

dorsal

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13
Q

means situated in the front

A

anterior

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14
Q

means situated in the back

A

posterior

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15
Q

means uppermost, above, or toward the head

A

superior

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16
Q

means lowermost, below, or toward the feet

A

inferior

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17
Q

means toward the head

A

cephalic

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18
Q

means toward the lower part of the body

A

caudal

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19
Q

means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

A

proximal

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20
Q

means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

A

distal

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21
Q

means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline

A

medial

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22
Q

means direction toward, or near, the side of the body, away from the midline

A

lateral

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23
Q

which is located along the back of the body and head, containing organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions

A

dorsal cavity

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24
Q

which is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

A

cranial cavity

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25
Q

means pertaining to the skull

A

cranial

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26
Q

which is located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

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27
Q

which is located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

A

ventral cavity

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28
Q

also known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs

A

thoracic cavity (chest cavity or thorax)

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29
Q

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

A

abdominal cavity

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30
Q

is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

A

pelvic cavity

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31
Q

means relating to the groin

A

inguinal

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32
Q

region covered by the lower ribs

A

hypochondriac regions

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33
Q

region located above the stomach

A

epigastric region

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34
Q

region located near the inward curve of the spine

A

lumbar regions

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35
Q

region that surrounds the umbilicus

A

umbilical region

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36
Q

region located over the hip bones

A

iliac regions

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37
Q

region located below the stomach

A

hypogastric region

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38
Q

what are the four quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ)right lower quadrant (RLQ)left upper quadrant (LUQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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39
Q

is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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40
Q

is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

A

membrane

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41
Q

is the outer layer of peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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42
Q

is a fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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43
Q

is the inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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44
Q

means located behind the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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45
Q

are the basic structural and functional units of the body

A

cells

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46
Q

is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

A

cytology

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47
Q

is a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

A

cytologist

48
Q

is the tissue that surrounds and protects the content of the cell by separating them from its external environment

A

cell membrane

49
Q

is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. controls activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide

A

nucleus

51
Q

are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

A

stem cells

52
Q

known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

A

adult stem cells (somatic stem cells)

53
Q

means not having a specialized function or structure

A

undifferentiated

54
Q

means having a specialized function or structure

A

differentiated

55
Q

are undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form any adult cell

A

embryonic stem cells

56
Q

is a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

57
Q

is the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

A

genetics

58
Q

a specialist in the field of genes

A

geneticist

59
Q

needs to be inherited from either (only one) parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

A

dominant gene

60
Q

needs to be inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition

A

recessive gene

61
Q

is in the complete set of genetic information of an organism

A

genome

62
Q

are the genetic structures located within the nucleus

A

chromosomes

63
Q

is any cell in the body except the gametes

A

somatic cell

64
Q

also known as a gamete, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes

A

sex cell

65
Q

is a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

A

genetic mutation

66
Q

is a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that joint together to perform certain specific functions

A

tissue

67
Q

is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue

A

histology

68
Q

form a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body

A

epithelial tissues

69
Q

is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

A

epithelium

70
Q

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

A

connective tissue

71
Q

such as bone and cartilage, forms the joints and framework of the body

A

dense connective tissue

72
Q

also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation and support

A

adipose tissue (fat)

73
Q

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

A

loose connective tissue

74
Q

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

A

liquid connective tissues

75
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

A

muscle tissue

76
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

A

nerve tissue

77
Q

is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

A

gland

78
Q

is the substance produced by a gland

A

secretion

79
Q

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

A

exocrine gland

80
Q

produce hormones, do not have ducts

A

endocrine glands

81
Q

is a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

A

organ

82
Q

is the study of disease; the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function

A

pathology

83
Q

specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

A

pathologist

84
Q

is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

A

epidemiologist

85
Q

supports and shapes the body. protects the internal organs

A

skeletal system

86
Q

hold the body erect. makes movement possible

A

muscular system

87
Q

blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration

A

cardiovascular system

88
Q

removes and transports waste products from the fluid between the cells. destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes

A

lymphatic system

89
Q

defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens

A

immune system

90
Q

brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells

A

respiratory system

91
Q

digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the blood stream. eliminates solid waste

A

digestive system

92
Q

filters blood to remove waste. maintains electrolyte and fluid balance within the body

A

urinary system

93
Q

coordinates the reception of stimuli. transmits messages throughout the body

A

nervous system

94
Q

receive visual and auditory information, and transmit it to the brain

A

special senses

95
Q

protects the body against invasion by bacteria. aids in regulating the body temperature and water content

A

integumentary system

96
Q

integrates all body functions

A

endocrine system

97
Q

produces new life

A

reproductive system

98
Q

which is a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development

A

premature birth

99
Q

are congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth

A

birth injuries

100
Q

study of medical problems and care of older people

A

geriatrics (gerontology)

101
Q

means after death

A

postmortem

102
Q

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

A

general practitioner (GP) (family practice physician)

103
Q

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and relating body systems

A

internist

104
Q

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

A

pediatrician (pediatrics)

105
Q

is a physician who specializes in the care of older people

A

geriatrician (gerontologist)

106
Q

focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

A

hospitalist

107
Q

means relating to, or having, two sides

A

bilateral

108
Q

is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

diaphragm

109
Q

is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

A

groin

110
Q

Is a change within the cells of the body. Those changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation

A

somatic cell mutation

111
Q

Is a change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a patient to his or her children

A

gametic cell mutation

112
Q

is the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

A

genetic engineering

113
Q

is the spread of a disease

A

transmission

114
Q

means that a pathogen is possibly present

A

contamination

115
Q

means without known cause

A

idiopathic

116
Q

means existing at birth

A

congenital

►MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY STATES (65 decks)

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