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Biology 2 > Chapter 41: Slides 1-46 > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Slides 1-46 Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 needs must be satisfied for an adequate diet?

A

Chemical energy for cellular processes
Organic building blocks for macromolecules
Essential nutrients

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2
Q

Required materials that an animal requires, but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules are called

A

Essential nutrients

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3
Q

These must be obtained from an animal’s diet

A

Essential nutrients

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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5
Q

All organisms require _____ amino acids

A

20

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6
Q

Must be obtained from food in prefabricated form

A

Essential amino acids

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7
Q

What are examples that provide all essential amino acids and are thus “complete” proteins

A

Meat
Egg
Cheese

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8
Q

Most plant proteins are ____________ in amino acid composition

A

Incomplete

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9
Q

__________ can synthesize many of the fatty acids they need

A

Animals

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10
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

A

Essential fatty acids

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11
Q

Where can animals obtain essential fatty acids?

A

Seeds
Grains
Vegetables

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12
Q

Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

A

Vitamins

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13
Q

How many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble
Water-soluble

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15
Q

Simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

A

Minerals

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16
Q

What can upset homeostatic balance?

A

Ingesting large amounts of some minerals

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17
Q

Have diverse diets

A

Animals

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18
Q

Dine mainly on plants/algae

A

Herbivores

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19
Q

Mostly eat other animals

A

Carnivores

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20
Q

Regularly consume animals as well as plants/algae

A

Omnivores

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21
Q

Most animals are ____________ feeders

A

Opportunistic

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22
Q

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition

A

Malnutrition

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23
Q

Can have negative impacts on health and survival

A

Malnutrition

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24
Q

Can cause deformities, disease, and death

A

Deficiencies in essential nutrients

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25
Q

What results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A

Undernourishment

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26
Q

What is used up in an undernourished individual

A

Stored fat and carbohydrates

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27
Q

What is broken down in an undernourished individual

A

Proteins

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28
Q

What is lost in an undernourished individual

A

Muscle mass

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29
Q

What is deficient in the brain in undernourished individuals

A

Protein

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30
Q

The act of eating or feeding

A

Ingestion

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31
Q

What are the 4 main feeding mechanisms in animals

A

Filter
Substrate
Fluid
Bulk

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32
Q

Many aquatic animals are what kind of feeder

A

Filter

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33
Q

Sift small food particles from the surrounding medium

A

Filter feeder

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34
Q

Whale

A

Filter feeder

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35
Q

What kind of feeder are animals that live in or on their food source

A

Substrate

36
Q

Caterpillar

A

Substrate feeder

37
Q

What kind of feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

A

Fluid

38
Q

Mosquitos

A

Fluid feeder

39
Q

What kind of feeder eat relatively large pieces of food

A

Bulk

40
Q

Most animals, including humans, feed this way

A

Bulk feeders

41
Q

Is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

A

Digestion

42
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion

A

Mechanical
Chemical

43
Q

Chewing or grinding

A

Mechanical digestion

44
Q

Increases the surface area of food

A

Mechanical digestion

45
Q

Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

A

Chemical digestion

46
Q

Used to build larger molecules

A

Chemical digestion

47
Q

The process of ___________ ____________ splits bonds in molecules with the addition of _________

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis; water

48
Q

Is uptake of small molecules by body cells

A

Absorption

49
Q

Is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

A

Elimination

50
Q

In _____________ digestion, food particle are engulfed by _____________ and liquids by ______________.

A

Intercellular; phagocytosis; pinocytosis

51
Q

What fuse with lysosomes containing Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Food vacuoles

52
Q

What animal digest their food by intercellular digestion

A

Sponges

53
Q

Hydrolysis occurs by what kind of digestion?

A

Extracellular

54
Q

The breakdown of food particles outside of cells

A

Extracellular digestion

55
Q

Occurs in compartments that continuous with the outside of the animal’s body

A

Extracellular digestion

56
Q

Animals with simple body plans have a _____________ _________

A

Gastrovascular cavity

57
Q

Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

A

Gastrovascular cavity

58
Q

More complex animals have a digestive tube with 2 openings: _______ and _______

A

Mouth; anus

59
Q

Digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)

A

Alimentary canal

60
Q

What are the 4 accessory glands

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

61
Q

Where does food processing begin

A

Organ cavity

62
Q

Deliver saliva to lubricate food

A

Salivary gland

63
Q

Saliva contains __________ and __________

A

Mucus
Amylase

64
Q

What is mucus made up of

A

Water
Salts
Cells
Glycoproteins

65
Q

Breaks down starch

A

Amylase

66
Q

“Throat”; the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

A

Pharynx

67
Q

Connects to the stomach

A

Esophagus

68
Q

“Windpipe”; leads to the lungs

A

Trachea

69
Q

What guides the bolus?

A

Larynx

70
Q

Swallowing causes the ___________ to block entry to the ___________

A

Epiglottis; trachea

71
Q

What occurs when the swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe

A

Coughing or choking

72
Q

Alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

A

Peristalsis

73
Q

Valves called _________ regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

Sphincters

74
Q

Stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension

A

Stomach

75
Q

Stomach secretes __________ juice

A

Gastric

76
Q

Mixture of ingested food and gastric juice

A

Chyme

77
Q

Gastric juice has a ______ pH of about ____

A

Low; 2

78
Q

Kills bacteria and denatures proteins

A

Gastric juice

79
Q

Made up of hydrochloride acid (HCl) and pepsin

A

Gastric juice

80
Q

Is a protease

A

Pepsin

81
Q

Breaks down peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller polypeptides

A

Protease

82
Q

________ cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach

A

Parietal

83
Q

_______ cells secrete inactive ____________

A

Chief; pepsinogen

84
Q

Is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

Pepsinogen

85
Q

What protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

A

Mucus

86
Q

Cell division adds a new __________ layer every ___ days

A

Epithelial; 3

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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