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Biology 2 > Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

Single-celled organisms

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What domain do Prokaryotes belong to?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

What are the most abundant organisms on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

What were the first organisms to inhabit Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes are multicellular

A

F: Prokaryotes are unicellular

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6
Q

What are smaller: prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

What are the three kind of shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

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8
Q

What are the 3 things that a cell wall does?

A

Maintains shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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9
Q

What happens to prokaryotes in hypertonic environment?

A

Lose water and experience plasmolysis

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10
Q

What is used as a preservative

A

Salt

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11
Q

What are two examples of eukaryotes?

A

Plants and fungi

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12
Q

What are the cell walls of eukaryotes made of?

A

Cellulose or chitin

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13
Q

What do bacterial cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is a peptidoglycan?

A

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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15
Q

What contains a variety of polysaccharides and proteins, but lack peptidoglycan?

A

Archaeal walls

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16
Q

What do scientists used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition?

A

The Gram stain

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17
Q

What kind of bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan?

A

Gram-positive

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18
Q

The walls of what bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides?

A

Gram-negative

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19
Q

What bacteria tend to be more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Gram-negative

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20
Q

Antibiotics target what?

A

Peptidoglycan

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21
Q

What kind of cells lack peptidoglycan and are unaffected by antibiotics?

A

Human cells

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22
Q

What is a dense and well-defined sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein surrounding the cell wall?

A

Capsule

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23
Q

What is not well organized sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein surrounding the cell wall?

A

Slime layer

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24
Q

What is formed when water or nutrients are lacking, to withstand harsh conditions?

A

Endospores

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25
Q

What can withstand extreme conditions and remain viable for centuries?

A

Endospores

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26
Q

What hairlike appendages allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony?

A

Fimbriae

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27
Q

What are longer than fimbriae and function to pull cells together enabling the exchange of DNA?

A

Pili or sex pili

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28
Q

Half of prokaryotes exhibit _______, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

A

Taxis

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29
Q

What is the most common structure used by prokaryotes for movement?

A

Flagella

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30
Q

What are the three differences between flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Structure, mechanism of propulsion, and molecular composition

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31
Q

How many kinds of proteins are bacterial flagella composed of?

A

42

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32
Q

What are the three parts of a bacterial flagella?

A

Motor, hook, and filament

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33
Q

How much of the flagellum’s proteins are essential?

A

Half

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34
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

Complex compartmentalization

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35
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes have less DNA and produce fewer proteins than the eukaryotes.

A

T

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36
Q

Prokaryotes have one ______ chromosome.

A

circular

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37
Q

Eukaryotes have ______ _______ chromosomes.

A

Multiple linear

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38
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes have a nucleus.

A

F: They lack a nucleus; the chromosome is in the nucleotide, a region with no membrane

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39
Q

Prokaryotes have smaller rings of independently replicating DNA called _______.

A

Plasmids

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40
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce quickly?

A

By binary fission

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41
Q

What are the three key features of prokaryote biology?

A

They are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times

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42
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to the high levels of genetic diversity observed in prokaryote populations?

A

Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination

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43
Q

How do mutations accumulate rapidly?

A

Short generation times and large populations

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44
Q

The combining of DNA from two sources; contributes to prokaryotic diversity

A

Genetic recombination

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45
Q

What are the three ways that DNA from different individuals can be combined?

A

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

46
Q

Movement of genes between individual prokaryotes of different species

A

Horizontal gene transfer

47
Q

Prokaryotic cells incorporate foreign DNA taken up from their surroundings

A

Tranformation

48
Q

Phages (“bacteriophages”) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

A

Transduction

49
Q

Generally an unintended result of the phage replicative cycle

A

Transduction

50
Q

Process through which DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells

A

Conjugation

51
Q

What direction is DNA transfer in bacteria?

A

Always one way

52
Q

What piece of DNA is required for the production of pili?

A

F (fertility) factor

53
Q

Cells that contain _ _____ (F+ cells) function as DNA donors

A

F plasmid

54
Q

Cells lacking the F factor (F- cells) are _________

A

Recipients

55
Q

An ___ cell can convert an ___ cell to an ___ cell if it transfers F plasmids to the ___ cell.

A

F+, F-, F+, F-

56
Q

Antibiotics kill more bacteria except those with ________

A

R plasmids

57
Q

Obtain energy from light

A

Phototrophs

58
Q

Obtain energy from chemicals

A

Chemotrophs

59
Q

Require CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source

A

Autotrophs

60
Q

Require an organic nutrient to make other organic compounds

A

Heterotrophs

61
Q

Energy and carbon sources are combined to give 4 major modes of nutrition:

A

Photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoheterotroph

62
Q

Plants, algae, Cyanobacteria

A

Photoautotroph

63
Q

Sulfolobus

A

Chemoautotroph

64
Q

Aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes (Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus)

A

Photohetertropoh

65
Q

Many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals, some plants

A

Chemoheterotroph

66
Q

Require O2 for cellular respiration

A

Obligate aerobes

67
Q

Poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation or use substances other than O2 for anaerobic respiration

A

Obligate anaerobes

68
Q

Can use O2 if it is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if not

A

Facultative anaerobes

69
Q

What is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids in all organisms?

A

Nitrogen

70
Q

What process do prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?

A

Nitrogen fixation

71
Q

Cells of what prokaryote are specialized for nitrogen fixation or photosynthesis?

A

Anabaena

72
Q

Nitrogen fixation is isolated in what cells that prevent oxygen penetration?

A

Heterocysts

73
Q

Cells of one or more prokaryote species cooperate to form surface-coating colonies called _______

A

Biofilms

74
Q

What causes tooth decay?

A

Biofilms

75
Q

How many known species are there of bacteria?

A

16,000

76
Q

Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs are what kinds of bacteria?

A

Proteobacteria and Gram-negative

77
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes

A

gonorrhea

78
Q

Vibrio cholerae causes

A

cholera

79
Q

Helicobacter pylori causes

A

stomach ulcers

80
Q

All species parasitize animal cells and have gram-negative wall lacking peptidoglycan

A

Chlamydias

81
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis causes

A

nongonococcal urethritis

82
Q

Gram-negative heterotrophs that spiral through the environment by rotating internal filaments.

A

Spirochetes

83
Q

Treponema pallidum causes

A

syphilis

84
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes

A

Lyme disease

85
Q

What kind of bacteria are gram-negative photoautotrophs

A

Cyanobacteria

86
Q

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, and Clostridium botulinum are what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram-positive

87
Q

Share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes

A

Archaea

88
Q

Archaea that live in extreme environments, uninhabitable for most organisms

A

Extremophiles

89
Q

Tolerate or require highly saline environments

A

Extreme halophiles

90
Q

Have adaptations that make their DNA and proteins stable at high temperatures (even above 100C)

A

Extreme thermophiles

91
Q

Obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism

A

Methanogens

92
Q

What kind of archaea are found in kilometers of ice in Greenland, swamps and marshes, and guts of cattle, termites and other herbivores?

A

Methanogens

93
Q

The clade the includes many of the extreme halophiles, most methanogens, and some extreme thermophiles

A

Euryarchaeota

94
Q

A supergroup composed of remaining closely-related clades of archaea

A

TACK

95
Q

What group of TACK includes most extreme thermophiles?

A

C; Crenarchaeota

96
Q

Sister group of the eukaryotes

A

Lokiarchaeotes

97
Q

Play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and non living component of the environment

A

Prokaryotes

98
Q

Ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host with a smaller symbiont

A

Symbiosis

99
Q

Both symbiotic organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

100
Q

One organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other

A

Commensalism

101
Q

An organism called a parasite harms but does not usually kill its host

A

Parasitism

102
Q

The name given to parasite that cause disease

A

Pathogens

103
Q

What causes about half of all human disease

A

Bacteria

104
Q

Proteins secreted by bacteria that can cause disease even if the bacteria are no longer present

A

Exotoxins

105
Q

Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

A

Endotoxins

106
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Exotoxins

107
Q

Salmonella

A

Endotoxins

108
Q

Effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens

A

Malacidins

109
Q

Which system helps prokaryotes defend against viral attack and has been developed as a gene altering tool

A

CRISPR-Cas 9

110
Q

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air or water

A

Bioremediation

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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