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Biology 2 > Chapter 29: Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

________ evolved from _______ algae

A

Plants; green

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of diversity of plants that evolved?

A

Nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed

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3
Q

How manny known plant species are there? Where do most of them live?

A

325,000; on land

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4
Q

What 3 things do plants supply?

A

Oxygen, food sources, and habitat

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5
Q

What are the closest relatives of plants?

A

Charophytes

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6
Q

Plants and some algae are ____________

A

Multicellular

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7
Q

Some algae, like plants have __________ in their cell walls and __________ containing chlorophyll ___ and __

A

Cellulose; chloroplasts; a; b

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8
Q

What is the first trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged in rings, rather than linear sets

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9
Q

What is the second trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Structure of flagellated sperm

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10
Q

What is the third trait that plants share with Charophytes?

A

Sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA

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11
Q

What clade of Charophytes are the closest living relatives to plants?

A

Zygnematophyceae

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12
Q

T/F: plants are descended from modern Charophytes

A

F: Plants are NOT descended from modern charophytes, but share a common ancestor with them

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13
Q

An alga closely related to plants

A

Zygnema

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14
Q

Charophytes have coating of _____________

A

Sporopollenin

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15
Q

A polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

A

Sporopollenin

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16
Q

Found in plant spore walls

A

Sporopollenin

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17
Q

What are the 3 benefits of having plants on land?

A

Undiluted sunlight, more, and nutrient-rich soil

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18
Q

What are the two challenges of living on land

A

Scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity

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19
Q

What allowed plants to thrive on land

A

Adaptations evolved

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20
Q

Plants with embryos

A

Embryophytes

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21
Q

Three possible “plant” kingdoms

A

Viridiplantae, Streptophyta, and Plantae

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22
Q

3 key traits in nearly all plants, but are absent in the charophytes

A

Alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, and apical meristems

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23
Q

Type of plant life cycle consisting of multicellular forms that gives rise to each other in turn

A

Alternation of generations

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24
Q

The process by which the life cycles of plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: ___________ and ___________

A

Alternation of Generations; gametophytes; sporophytes

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25
Q

The ________ haploid ___________ produces haploid ___________ (sperm and eggs) by _________

A

Multicellular; gametophyte; gametes; mitosis

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26
Q

The multicellular __________ sporophyte produces _________ spores by _________

A

Diploid; haploid; meiosis

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27
Q

__________ develop into gametophytes and fertilized eggs (______) develop into __________

A

Spores; zygotes; sporophytes

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28
Q

Embryos in Alternation of Generation is

A

Multicellular, dependent

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29
Q

The _______ embryo is retained and protected within the ________ of the female _____________

A

Diploid; tissue; gametophyte

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30
Q

What is transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells

A

Nutrients

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31
Q

Plants are called ___________ because of this dependency of the ________ on the parent

A

Embryophytes; embryo

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32
Q

What are produced in sporangia?

A

Walled spores

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33
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called ___________

A

Sporangia

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34
Q

Spore walls contain ____________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

A

Sporopollenin

35
Q

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of root and shoots are called

A

Apical meristems

36
Q

These cells divide continuously, enabling elongation of roots and shoots for better resource acquisition

A

Apical meristems

37
Q

What are two additional derived traits of plants?

A

Cuticle and stomata

38
Q

A waxy covering of the epidermis that reduces water loss

39
Q

Pores that facilitate gas exchange between the outside air and internal plant tissues

40
Q

What did early plants lack that made absorption of nutrients from the soil challenging?

A

True roots and leaves

41
Q

What may have helped plants without roots to colonize land?

A

Symbiotic association with fungi (mycorrhizae)

42
Q

What colonized land 3.2 billion years ago?

A

Microorganisms

43
Q

What first appeared in the fossil record from about 470 million years ago?

A

Plant spores

44
Q

What is an example of a fossil of larger structure that date to 425 million years ago

A

Cooksonia sproganium

45
Q

What evolved to produce the vast diversity of plants present on Earth today?

A

Ancestral species

46
Q

Cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients

A

Vascular tissue

47
Q

Plants that have a complex vascular tissue system are called

A

Vascular plants

48
Q

What type of plants lack and extensive transport system

A

“Nonvascular” plants

49
Q

3 examples of Nonvascular plants

A

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

50
Q

What are Nonvascular plants informally called?

A

Bryophytes

51
Q

Have an extensive vascular transport system, but do not produce seeds

A

Seedless vascular plants

52
Q

What are the 2 clades of Seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes and Monilpphytes

53
Q

This clade are club mosses and their relatives

A

Lycophytes

54
Q

This clade are ferns and their relatives

A

Monilophytes

55
Q

T/F: The seedless vascular plants do NOT form a clade

56
Q

What are the 2 groups of Seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

57
Q

Form a clade that produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers (“naked seeds”)

A

Gymnosperms

58
Q

Form a clade that produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers

A

Angiosperms

59
Q

Nearly 90% of living plants species are _____________

A

Angiosperms

60
Q

Are represented today by 3 phyla of small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants

A

Bryophytes

61
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Bryophytes

A

Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts

62
Q

Liverworts

A

Phylum Hepatophyta

63
Q

Mosses

A

Phylum Bryophyta

64
Q

Hornworts

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta

65
Q

These groups diverged from other plant lineages early in the history of plant evolution

A

Bryophytes

66
Q

What are dominant in all bryophytes

A

Haploid gametophytes

67
Q

Larger and longer-living than sporophytes

A

Haploid gametophytes

68
Q

Usually present for only part of the life cycle

A

Sporophytes

69
Q

When dispersed to a favorable habitat, _______ spores germinate and develop into _____________.

A

Bryophyte; gametophyte

70
Q

What produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments called a ___________

A

Moss spores; protonema

71
Q

Absorbs water and nutrients and forms “buds” that develop into gametophytes

72
Q

Bryophytes are constrained in height by lack of…

A

Rigid support tissues and vascular tissue for long distance transport

73
Q

Some moss species have __________ _______ that enable growth up to 2 feet tall

A

Conducting tissues

74
Q

Root-like structures that anchor gametophytes to the substrate

75
Q

Lack specialized conducting cells and do not participate in water or mineral absorption

76
Q

Gametophytes can produce multiple ____________, structures that produce gametes

A

Gametangia

77
Q

Female gametangia, produce a single nonmotile egg

A

Archegonia

78
Q

Male gametangia, produce many motile sperm

A

Antheridia

79
Q

Flagellated sperm swim to the egg through a film of water in response to _________ _______

A

Chemical attractants

80
Q

What are retained within the archegonium

A

Fertilized egg and resulting embryo

81
Q

Limited by water availability and the proximity of male and female gametophytes

A

Sexual reproduction

82
Q

Reproduce asexually

A

Bryophytes

83
Q

Some moss produce ________ bodies, small plantlet that detach and form new plants

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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