Chapter 28 Part B: Stramenopiles & Alveolates Flashcards
Highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
SAR
What are the 3 clades of SAR?
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians
What are the 3 subgroups of Stramenopiles?
Diatoms, Brown algae, and Oomycetes
This clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth
Stramenopiles
What type of flagellum do Stramenopiles have?
“Hairy” paired with “smooth”
Which subgroup of is an unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide? Which clade is it a part of?
Diatoms; Stramenopiles
What does the glass-like wall of silicon dioxide in Diatoms do?
Protects from crushing jaws of predators
How many species of Diatoms are there?
100,000
_______ compose much of the _______ in the ocean and lakes.
Diatoms; phytoplankton
________ are so abundant and widespread that their _____________ activity affects global ____ levels
Diatoms; photosynthetic; CO2
What happens after a Diatom blooms?
Many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor, decomposition is slow.
______ in the _______ produce the brown color
Carotenoids; plastids
The breakdown and release of ______ stored in the _______ on the ocean floor can take _______.
Carbon; Diatoms; centuries
What is a proposed approach to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?
Promoting diatom blooms; fertilizing the ocean with essential nutrients
What is the largest and most complex multicellular algae?
Brown algae
What is an example of brown algae?
Seaweed
What are the 3 parts of the Brown algae?
Holdfast, Stipe, and Blade
What keeps the photosynthetic structures of the Brown Algae near the water surface?
Gas-filled, bubble-shaped floats
What do Brown algae lack?
True tissues and organs found in plants
Important commodities for humans
Brown algae
What is another example of a Brown algae?
Laminaria
In Brown algae, what is used as a thickener in many processed foods?
Algin
A gel-forming substance found in the cell wall of Brown algae
Algin
What have evolved among the multicellular algae?
Variety of life cycles
Haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
Alternation of generations
Diploid generation is called a ________ because it produces ______.
Sporophyte; spores
______ spores develop into __________ haploid ___________
Haploid; multicellular; gametophytes
What produce haploid gametes?
Gametophytes
Gametophytes produce
Haploid gametes
Fertilization of _______ results in a ________ zygote
Gametes; diploid
Diploid zygotes develop into a new _______
Sporophyte
A new sporophyte develops from a _______ ________
Diploid zygote
Laminaria is an example of what kind of species?
Heteromorphic species
Laminaria have structurally different ________ and ________.
Gametophytes; sporophytes
_________ species have ______phytes and _______phytes that look similar to each other.
Isomorphic; gametophytes; sporophytes
What 3 things are included in the subgroup Oomycetes
Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
What were Oomycetes misidentified as before? Why?
Fungi; multi nuclear filaments
What is the one key difference of Oomycetes to the other subgroups?
Cell walls are composed of cellulose, rather than chitin
T/F: Oomycetes and fungi are closely related
F: they are NOT closely related based on molecular analysis
What are Oomycetes related to?
Plastid-bearing groups
What 2 things do Oomycetes not have/do?
Plastids or perform photosynthesis
Oomycetes acquires nutrients through __________ or _________.
Parasitism; decomposition
What Oomycetes example kills potato crops?
Phytophthora infestans
What does the “A” in SAR stand for?
Alveolates
This clade have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.
Alveolates
What are the 3 subgroups in Alveolates?
Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
This subgroup are abundant components of marine and freshwater plankton
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates have ______ flagella housed in the grooves of armor-like _______ plates that surround the cell.
2; cellulose
What causes the dinoflagellates to spin as they move through water?
Spiral flagella
What cause “red tides”?
Dinoflagellates blooms
When the water appears brownish red or pink
Red tides
Why does the water appear brownish red or pink in a “red tide”?
Due to the carotenoids present in their plastids
Red tides are ______ and can cause massive kills of ___________ and ____
Toxic; invertebrates; fish
What is facilitating more frequent red tides? What is causing this?
Ocean warming; climate change
Nearly all ____________ are parasites of animals.
Apicomplexans
Apicomplexans spread through the host as infectious cells called
Sporozoites
AKA the cell end
Apex
What does the apex contain?
Complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
This subgroup of Alveolates has most life cycles include both sexual and asexual stage and require 2 or more different hosts
Apicomplexans
What is an example of an Apicomplexan
Plasmodium
What is Plasmodium?
A parasite causing malaria; lives in both mosquitoes and humans
Evades the host immune system by living inside cells and continually changing its surface proteins
Plasmodium
Which subgroup of Alveolates are named for their use of cilia to move around and feed on bacteria or other protists?
Ciliates
Where are the cilia located on Ciliates?
Completely cover the cell surface; clustered in a few rows or tufts
What is an example of a ciliate?
Paramecium caudatum
How many types of nuclei do Ciliates have?
2
What are the types of Ciliate nuclei?
Tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei
For Ciliates, each cell has ____ or ______ copies of each type
One; more
What type of Ciliate nuclei have multiple copies of the genome?
Macronuclei
Which type of Ciliate nuclei may be diploid or haploid, depending on the life stage?
Micronuclei
Produces genetic variation without reproduction through the exchange of micronuclei.
Conjugation
What in Ciliates occurs by binary fission?
Asexual reproduction
During _______ ________, the ____________ dissolves and a new one is formed from _________.
Binary fission; macronucleus; micronuclei
