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Biology 2 > Chapter 28 Part B: Stramenopiles & Alveolates > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Part B: Stramenopiles & Alveolates Flashcards

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1
Q

Highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities

A

SAR

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2
Q

What are the 3 clades of SAR?

A

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

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3
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of Stramenopiles?

A

Diatoms, Brown algae, and Oomycetes

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4
Q

This clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth

A

Stramenopiles

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5
Q

What type of flagellum do Stramenopiles have?

A

“Hairy” paired with “smooth”

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6
Q

Which subgroup of is an unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide? Which clade is it a part of?

A

Diatoms; Stramenopiles

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7
Q

What does the glass-like wall of silicon dioxide in Diatoms do?

A

Protects from crushing jaws of predators

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8
Q

How many species of Diatoms are there?

A

100,000

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9
Q

_______ compose much of the _______ in the ocean and lakes.

A

Diatoms; phytoplankton

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10
Q

________ are so abundant and widespread that their _____________ activity affects global ____ levels

A

Diatoms; photosynthetic; CO2

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11
Q

What happens after a Diatom blooms?

A

Many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor, decomposition is slow.

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12
Q

______ in the _______ produce the brown color

A

Carotenoids; plastids

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13
Q

The breakdown and release of ______ stored in the _______ on the ocean floor can take _______.

A

Carbon; Diatoms; centuries

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14
Q

What is a proposed approach to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?

A

Promoting diatom blooms; fertilizing the ocean with essential nutrients

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15
Q

What is the largest and most complex multicellular algae?

A

Brown algae

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16
Q

What is an example of brown algae?

A

Seaweed

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Brown algae?

A

Holdfast, Stipe, and Blade

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18
Q

What keeps the photosynthetic structures of the Brown Algae near the water surface?

A

Gas-filled, bubble-shaped floats

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19
Q

What do Brown algae lack?

A

True tissues and organs found in plants

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20
Q

Important commodities for humans

A

Brown algae

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21
Q

What is another example of a Brown algae?

A

Laminaria

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22
Q

In Brown algae, what is used as a thickener in many processed foods?

A

Algin

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23
Q

A gel-forming substance found in the cell wall of Brown algae

A

Algin

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24
Q

What have evolved among the multicellular algae?

A

Variety of life cycles

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25
Q

Haploid and diploid stages are multicellular

A

Alternation of generations

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26
Q

Diploid generation is called a ________ because it produces ______.

A

Sporophyte; spores

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27
Q

______ spores develop into __________ haploid ___________

A

Haploid; multicellular; gametophytes

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28
Q

What produce haploid gametes?

A

Gametophytes

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29
Q

Gametophytes produce

A

Haploid gametes

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30
Q

Fertilization of _______ results in a ________ zygote

A

Gametes; diploid

31
Q

Diploid zygotes develop into a new _______

A

Sporophyte

32
Q

A new sporophyte develops from a _______ ________

A

Diploid zygote

33
Q

Laminaria is an example of what kind of species?

A

Heteromorphic species

34
Q

Laminaria have structurally different ________ and ________.

A

Gametophytes; sporophytes

35
Q

_________ species have ______phytes and _______phytes that look similar to each other.

A

Isomorphic; gametophytes; sporophytes

36
Q

What 3 things are included in the subgroup Oomycetes

A

Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews

37
Q

What were Oomycetes misidentified as before? Why?

A

Fungi; multi nuclear filaments

38
Q

What is the one key difference of Oomycetes to the other subgroups?

A

Cell walls are composed of cellulose, rather than chitin

39
Q

T/F: Oomycetes and fungi are closely related

A

F: they are NOT closely related based on molecular analysis

40
Q

What are Oomycetes related to?

A

Plastid-bearing groups

41
Q

What 2 things do Oomycetes not have/do?

A

Plastids or perform photosynthesis

42
Q

Oomycetes acquires nutrients through __________ or _________.

A

Parasitism; decomposition

43
Q

What Oomycetes example kills potato crops?

A

Phytophthora infestans

44
Q

What does the “A” in SAR stand for?

A

Alveolates

45
Q

This clade have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

A

Alveolates

46
Q

What are the 3 subgroups in Alveolates?

A

Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

47
Q

This subgroup are abundant components of marine and freshwater plankton

A

Dinoflagellates

48
Q

Dinoflagellates have ______ flagella housed in the grooves of armor-like _______ plates that surround the cell.

A

2; cellulose

49
Q

What causes the dinoflagellates to spin as they move through water?

A

Spiral flagella

50
Q

What cause “red tides”?

A

Dinoflagellates blooms

51
Q

When the water appears brownish red or pink

A

Red tides

52
Q

Why does the water appear brownish red or pink in a “red tide”?

A

Due to the carotenoids present in their plastids

53
Q

Red tides are ______ and can cause massive kills of ___________ and ____

A

Toxic; invertebrates; fish

54
Q

What is facilitating more frequent red tides? What is causing this?

A

Ocean warming; climate change

55
Q

Nearly all ____________ are parasites of animals.

A

Apicomplexans

56
Q

Apicomplexans spread through the host as infectious cells called

A

Sporozoites

57
Q

AKA the cell end

A

Apex

58
Q

What does the apex contain?

A

Complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

59
Q

This subgroup of Alveolates has most life cycles include both sexual and asexual stage and require 2 or more different hosts

A

Apicomplexans

60
Q

What is an example of an Apicomplexan

A

Plasmodium

61
Q

What is Plasmodium?

A

A parasite causing malaria; lives in both mosquitoes and humans

62
Q

Evades the host immune system by living inside cells and continually changing its surface proteins

A

Plasmodium

63
Q

Which subgroup of Alveolates are named for their use of cilia to move around and feed on bacteria or other protists?

A

Ciliates

64
Q

Where are the cilia located on Ciliates?

A

Completely cover the cell surface; clustered in a few rows or tufts

65
Q

What is an example of a ciliate?

A

Paramecium caudatum

66
Q

How many types of nuclei do Ciliates have?

A

2

67
Q

What are the types of Ciliate nuclei?

A

Tiny micronuclei and large macronuclei

68
Q

For Ciliates, each cell has ____ or ______ copies of each type

A

One; more

69
Q

What type of Ciliate nuclei have multiple copies of the genome?

A

Macronuclei

70
Q

Which type of Ciliate nuclei may be diploid or haploid, depending on the life stage?

A

Micronuclei

71
Q

Produces genetic variation without reproduction through the exchange of micronuclei.

A

Conjugation

72
Q

What in Ciliates occurs by binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction

73
Q

During _______ ________, the ____________ dissolves and a new one is formed from _________.

A

Binary fission; macronucleus; micronuclei

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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