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Biology 2 > Chapter 28 Part A: Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Part A: Protists Flashcards

1
Q

What gave rise to the great diversity of protists?

A

Endosymbiosis

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2
Q

Most eukaryotes are ______-celled organisms

A

Single

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3
Q

Is an informal term used to refer to all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

A

Protists

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4
Q

Why are protists no longer considered a kingdom?

A

Some protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than other protists

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5
Q

What are inside of the cells of protist and other eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles

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6
Q

__________ isolate functions within ______ cells, making them more _______ than ________ cells.

A

Organelles, eukaryotic, complex, prokaryotic

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7
Q

What of the eukaryotic cell allows it to have asymmetric shape and to change shape overtime

A

Well-developed cytoskeleton

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8
Q

What make up much of the diversity of eukaryotes?

A

Protists

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9
Q

________ exhibit more _______ and _______ diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

A

Protists; structural, functional

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10
Q

T/F: There are only unicellular protist species

A

F: most are unicellular BUT some are colonial and multicellular

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11
Q

What type of protists are the most complex?

A

Unicellular

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12
Q

Why are unicellular protists the most complex?

A

Each cell must carry out all functions of life

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13
Q

Protists are the most _________ diverse of all eukaryotes

A

Nutritionally

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14
Q

What are 3 protists that are nutritionally diverse?

A

Photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs

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15
Q

What do photoautotrophs contain?

A

Chloroplasts

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16
Q

Which nutritional protist absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles?

A

Heterotrophs

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17
Q

What do mixotrophs do?

A

Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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18
Q

T/F: all protists reproduce asexually

A

F: SOME protists only reproduce asexually; others have both asexual and sexual phases in their life cycle

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19
Q

What are the three basic types of sexual life cycles represented among protists?

A

Animal, plant, and fungal

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20
Q

There is an abundant evidence that much of protistan diversity has its origins in

A

Endosymbiosis

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21
Q

A relationship between 2 species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (host)

A

Endosymbiosis

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22
Q

What 2 organelles are derived from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestors of early prokaryotes?

A

Mitochondria and plastids

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23
Q

What evolved before plastids and arose from an alpha proteobacterium?

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

_________ analysis indicates that mitochondria and plastids each evolved _______ in the history of life.

A

Molecular; once

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25
Q

The _________ host was a relatively complex cell with eukaryotic features, such as a ________

A

Ancestral; cytoskeleton

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26
Q

The host cell lineage is _______, but ____________, the archaea sister group to the ________, is a candidate ______.

A

Uncertain; lokiarchaeotes; eukaryotes; taxon

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27
Q

The evolution of ________ gave rise to the eukaryotes.

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

________ arose later when a __________ eukaryotes engulfed a __________ cyanobacterium.

A

Plastids; heterotrophic; photosynthetic

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29
Q

Two lineages of ____________ protists _____ and _____ algae, evolved from the plastid bearing ancestor.

A

Photosynthetic; red; green

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30
Q

How many membranes do red and green algae have?

31
Q

The red and green algae having two membranes is similar to what?

A

Cyanobacteria

32
Q

___________ proteins in the red and green algae are ________ to those found in the inner and outer _______ of ____________.

A

Transport; homologous; membranes; cyanobacteria

33
Q

Red and green algae were ingest by _________ eukaryotes, a process called _________ _________, several times.

A

Heterotrophic; secondary endosymbiosis

34
Q

How many supergroups are eukaryotes divided into?

35
Q

What are the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes?

A

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta

36
Q

Excavata includes how many clades?

37
Q

What are the Excavata clades?

A

Parabasalids, diplomonads, and euglenozoans

38
Q

What is an example of a diplomonad? What does it do?

A

Giardia intestinalis is a diplomonad parasite; causes intestinal infections in mammals

39
Q

SAR includes how many clades?

40
Q

What are the SAR clades?

A

Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria

41
Q

What is an example of a stramenopila?

A

Diatoms; important photosynthetic stramenopiles

42
Q

What is an example of a rhizaria?

A

Amoebas; Globigerina

43
Q

Red and green algae, and plants belong to which supergroup?

A

Archaeoplastida

44
Q

Red and green algae include ________, _______, and _______ species.

A

Unicellular, colonial, multicellular

45
Q

What is an example of a multicellular green algae?

46
Q

What are included in Unikonta?

A

Amoebas (with lobe- or tube- shaped pseudopodia), animals, fungi, and non-amoeba protist closely related to animals or fungi

47
Q

What is an example of a tubulinid amoeba?

A

Amoeba proteus

48
Q

T/F: The root of the eukaryotic tree is known

A

F: it is not known

49
Q

What are the 3 supergroups that are unresolved?

A

Haptophytes, cryptophytes, and hemimastigophores

50
Q

Excavates include protist with modified ________ and protist with unique ________

A

Mitochondria; flagella

51
Q

Which supergroup is characterized by its cytoskeleton?

52
Q

The excavates include how many monophyletic groups?

53
Q

What are the three monophyletic groups of excavates?

A

Diplomonads, parabaslids, and euglenozoans

54
Q

Which two clades in Excavata lack plastids and have reduced mitochondria?

A

Diplomonads and parabasalids

55
Q

Where do diplomonads and parabasalids live?

A

Anaerobic environments

56
Q

What are reduced mitochondria of Diplomonads called?

57
Q

What do mitosomes lack?

A

Electron transport chains (ETC)

58
Q

What is derived from anaerobic pathways?

59
Q

What do Diplomonads and Parabasalids contain?

A

2 equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella

60
Q

What are the reduced mitochondria of the Parabasalids called?

A

Hydrogenosomes

61
Q

What do hydrogenosomes generate? How do they generate it?

A

Some energy; anaerobically

62
Q

What is released as a by-product of anaerobic metabolism?

A

Hydrogen gas

63
Q

What is the best known parabasalid?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

64
Q

Euglenozoans include how many?

65
Q

What are the 4 considered Euglenozoa?

A

Heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

66
Q

What is the main feature distinguishing the Euglenozoan clade?

A

A spiral or crystalline rod inside each flagella

67
Q

Kinetoplastids and euglenids are included in which clade?

A

Euglenozoans

68
Q

Kinetoplastids have how many mitochondria?

69
Q

What is inside the Kinetoplastids mitochondrion?

A

Kinetoplast

70
Q

An organized mass of DNA in a kinetoplastid’s mitochondrion.

A

Kinetoplast

71
Q

Species of what parasitize animals, plants and other protists; example is Trypanosoma

A

Kinetoplastids

72
Q

Have a single cell-surface protein that changes from one generation to the next

A

Trypanosomes

73
Q

The host is prevented from developing immunity by this “bait-and-switch” defense

A

Kinetoplastids

74
Q

Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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