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Biology 2 > Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 groups of Fungi

A

Cryptomycetes, Microsporidians, Chytrids, Zoopagomycetes, Mucoromycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes

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2
Q

Molds in this group include important decomposers

A

Mucoromycetes

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3
Q

Many others in Mucoromycetes live as ________, pathogens, or __________ with plants

A

Parasites, mutualisms

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4
Q

For Mucoromycetes, fusion between mycelia of different mating types (__________) produces a _____________

A

Plasmogamy; Zygosporangium

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5
Q

Nuclei fusion

A

Karyogamy

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6
Q

________ ________ and then meiosis occur within the Zygosporangium

A

Nuclei fusion

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7
Q

“Black bread mold”; is fairly typical of Mucoromycetes

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

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8
Q

_________ hyphae spread and penetrate the surface, absorbing nutrients from the rotting food

A

Coenocytic

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9
Q

_________ develop at the tips of upright hyphae, and asexually produce hundreds of air-dispersed spores

A

Sporangia

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10
Q

____________ are metabolically inactive and resistant to freezing and drying

A

Zygosporangia

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11
Q

Sporangium release genetically diverse ________ spores

A

Haploid

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12
Q

Some Mucoromycetes, such as __________, can “aim” and shoot their sporangia toward bright light

A

Pilobolus

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13
Q

Phylum Mucoromycota also includes an arbuscular mycorrhizae-forming clade of fungi called

A

Glomeromycetes

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14
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Ascomycetes

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15
Q

Where do Ascomycetes live?

A

Variety of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

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16
Q

Vary in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels

A

Ascomycetes

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17
Q

Often called “Sac fungi”, named for the saclike ______, in which spores are produced

A

Ascomycetes; asci

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18
Q

During the sexual stage, Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called

A

Ascocarps

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19
Q

Contain the spore-forming asci

A

Ascocarps

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20
Q

Include plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts

A

Ascomycetes

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21
Q

More than ____% of all Ascomycetes species form _________

A

25; lichens

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22
Q

Symbiotic associations with green algae or cyanobacteria

A

Lichens

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23
Q

Some form mycorrhizae with plants

A

Ascomycetes

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24
Q

What reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called _________

A

Ascomycetes; conidia

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25
Q

Produced by conidiophores

A

Conidia

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26
Q

Tips of specialized hyphae

A

Conidiophores

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27
Q

In sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes, _______ fuse with the ________ of a mycelium from a different mating type

A

Conidia; hyphae

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28
Q

In sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes, ________ cells are formed, each containing 2 haploid nuclei, one from each parent

A

Dikaryotic

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29
Q

Form at the tips of Dikaryotic hyphae in Ascomycetes sexual reproduction

A

Asci

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30
Q

__________ and _________ occur within the asci in Ascomycetes sexual reproduction

A

Karyogamy; meiosis

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31
Q

In sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes, ________ develop and are discharged from the ascocarp

A

Ascospores

32
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Basidiomycetes

33
Q

Include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

A

Basidiomycetes

34
Q

Some of this group are mutualisms that form mycorrhizae

A

Basidiomycetes

35
Q

Others of Basidiomycetes are destructive plant parasites: ______ and _______

A

Rusts; smuts

36
Q

The phylum Basidiomycetes is named for the _________

37
Q

A cell in which Karyogamy and meiosis occur

38
Q

In Basidiomycetes, gives rise to the common name of club fungus

A

The club-like shape of the basidium

39
Q

Important decomposers of wood

A

Basidiomycetes

40
Q

Are the best at decomposing lignin

A

Certain Basidiomycetes

41
Q

A complex polymer abundant in wood

42
Q

The life cycle of Basidiomycete usually includes a long-lived __________ mycelium

A

Dikaryotic

43
Q

In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium can reproduced sexually by producing fruiting bodies called

A

Basidiocarps

44
Q

White mushrooms

A

Basidiocarps

45
Q

Results from a concentrated growth of hyphae that forms from the Dikaryotic mycelium

46
Q

Supports and protects a large surface area of Dikaryotic basidia on gills

A

Cap of the mushroom

47
Q

__________ occurs within the basidia, immediately followed by _______

A

Karyogamy; meiosis

48
Q

Sexually produced _______ are ejected and dispersed by wind

A

Basidiospores

49
Q

Some species of Basidiomycetes produce rings of mushrooms called “_______ ______” that may appear literally overnight

A

Fairy rings

50
Q

Play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare

51
Q

Fungi interact with other organisms as ________, mutualisms, and ___________

A

Decomposers; pathogens

52
Q

Fungi are efficient decomposers of organic material including ______ and ________

A

Cellulose; lignin

53
Q

Together, _______ and ______ perform essential recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving world

A

Fungi; bacteria

54
Q

Fungi form __________ relationship with _______, algae, _________, and animals

A

Mutualistic; plants; cyanobacteria

55
Q

This type of fungi absorb nutrients from a host, but reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

A

Mutualistic fungi

56
Q

All plant species harbor symbiotic __________, fungi (or bacteria) that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

A

Endophytes

57
Q

Most endophytes are

A

Ascomycetes

58
Q

Make toxins to defend the host plant; others help the plant tolerate heat, drought, or heavy metals

A

Endophytes

59
Q

Some fungi share digestive services with ________

60
Q

Help break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing mammals

61
Q

Many species of _____ use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in “____”

A

Ants; farms

62
Q

Are symbiotic associations between photosynthesis microorganisms and fungi

63
Q

Million of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of _________ ________

A

Fungal hyphae

64
Q

Grow on the surfaces of rocks, rotting logs, trees, and roofs and various forms

65
Q

The fungal partners of Lichens are most often _________

A

Ascomycetes

66
Q

Photosynthetic partners of lichens are ________ or filamentous green algae or _____________

A

Unicellular; cyanobacteria

67
Q

Gives a Lichen its overall shape and structure, and forms most of its mass

68
Q

Lichens reproduce asexually by ____________ or by formation of soredia

A

Fragmentation

69
Q

Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

70
Q

Important pioneers on new rock and soil surfaces, such as volcanic flows or burned forests

71
Q

Physically penetrate the surface and break it down chemically; some also fix ________

A

Lichens; nitrogen

72
Q

About ___% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens, mostly on or in plants

73
Q

_________ are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants

74
Q

General term for fungal infection in animals

75
Q

Skin mycosis in humans is

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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