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Biology 2 > Chapter 29: Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses Flashcards

1
Q

Are named for their liver-shaped gametophytes

A

Liverworts

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2
Q

Some species of what have gametangia elevated on stalks?

A

Liverworts

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3
Q

What’s another name for Liverworts?

A

Phylum Hepatophyta

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4
Q

Some species of Liverworts have stemlike gametophytes with many leaflike ____________

A

Appendages

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5
Q

What is another name for Hornworts?

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta

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6
Q

What do sporophytes look like in Hornworts?

A

Long and tapered horn shaped structures, growing up to 5 cm tall

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7
Q

In Hornworts, when are spore released?

A

When the horn splits open

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8
Q

What do gametophytes look like in Hornworts?

A

1-2 cm in diameter, grow horizontally, and multiple sporophytes attached

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9
Q

____________ form symbioses with __________-fixing bacteria.

A

Hornworts; nitrogen

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10
Q

What is another name for Mosses?

A

Phylum Bryophyta

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11
Q

How big are Gametophytes in Mosses?

A

Less than 15 cm tall, range from 1 mm to 60 cm

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12
Q

_______________ are usually visible to the naked eye in which Bryophyte?

A

Sporophytes; Mosses

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13
Q

What color are Mosses when they are young? What color do they turn before releasing spores?

A

Green and photosynthetic; brown

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14
Q

Where are mosses most common?

A

Moist forests and wetlands

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15
Q

T/F: mosses only inhabit hot environments.

A

F: They also inhabit extremely cold, hot, and dry environments

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16
Q

“Peat moss”

A

Sphagnum

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17
Q

What forms extensive deposits of partially decaying organic material known as _______

A

Sphagnum; peat

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18
Q

Can be used as source of fuel

A

Peat

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19
Q

What 3 things inhibit decay of moss and other organisms

A

Low temp., pH, and O2 levels of peatlands

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20
Q

Peatlands cover __% of Earth’s land surface

A

3

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21
Q

Contain 1/3 of the world’s soil carbon

A

Peatlands

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22
Q

___________ were the prominent vegetation for the first 100 million years of plant evolution

A

Bryophytes

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23
Q

The earliest vascular plants fossils are _______ million years old

A

425

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24
Q

What has allowed plants to grow much taller?

A

Vascular tissue

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25
Q

This type of plants are still restricted to moist habitats where the sperm can swim to the egg

A

Seedless vascular plants

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26
Q

The ___________ sporophyte lived relatively _____________ of the gametophyte

A

Vascular; independent

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27
Q

What stimulated further evolution within the vascular plants

A

Competition for space and sunlight

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28
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by (1)

A

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes

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29
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by (2)

A

Transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem

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30
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by (3)

A

Well-developed roots and leaves

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31
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by (4)

A

Spore bearing leaves called sporophylls

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32
Q

Transport in vascular tissues called _________ and __________

A

Xylem; phloem

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33
Q

Spore-bearing leaves

A

Sporphylls

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34
Q

In what kind of plants are the sporophytes larger and more complex than gametophytes?

A

Seedless vascular plants

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35
Q

____________ plants have 2 types of vascular tissues: _________ and _________

A

Vascular; xylem; phloem

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36
Q

Conducts most of the water and minerals

A

Xylem

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37
Q

Xylem include tube-shaped cells called

A

Tracheids

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38
Q

Xylem cells are ________ at functional maturity and are _________

A

Dead; lignified

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39
Q

What is a polymer that strengthens Xylem

40
Q

How are the cells of phloem tissue arranged?

41
Q

What does phloem tissue transport?

A

Organic materials, sugar

42
Q

Phloem cells are ________ at functional maturity

43
Q

What 2 things make taller plants better?

A

More sunlight; disperse sports further

44
Q

Are organs and anchor vascular plants into the ground

45
Q

Absorb water and nutrients from the soil

46
Q

May have evolved from below ground stems

47
Q

Increase surface area for light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis in plants

48
Q

What are the 2 types of leaves?

A

Microphylls and Megaphylls

49
Q

Small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein

A

Microphylls

50
Q

Found in Lycophytes

A

Microphylls

51
Q

Larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system

A

Megaphylls

52
Q

Found in all other plant groups

A

Megaphylls

53
Q

Modified leaves with sporangia

A

Sporophylls

54
Q

Are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of fern sporphylls

55
Q

Many Lycophytes and most gymnosperms have ____________

56
Q

Clumps of sporphylls in cone-like structures

57
Q

Sporophylls of angiosperms are called ________ and ________

A

Carpels; stamens

58
Q

Most seedless vascular plants are

A

Homosporous

59
Q

Homospores have _____ type of sporophylls and sporangium, which produces one type of _______

A

One; spore

60
Q

Homosporous spores produce ________ gametophytes

61
Q

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ___________

A

Heterosporous

62
Q

Have 2 types of sporphylls bearing different sporangia that produce different spore types

A

Heterosporous

63
Q

The spores of Heterosporous give rise to either _______ or _________ gametophytes

A

Male; female

64
Q

What bear megasporangia?

A

Megasporophylls

65
Q

What produce large mega spores?

A

Megasporangia

66
Q

_________ develop into female gametophytes

A

Megaspores

67
Q

What bear microsporangia

A

Microsporophylls

68
Q

What produce relatively small micro spores

A

Microsporangia

69
Q

____________ develop into male gametophytes

A

Microspores

70
Q

What are the 2 clades of seedless vascular plants?

A

Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Moniphyta

71
Q

Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

A

Phylum Lycophyta

72
Q

Include ferns, horsetails, and whisk forms and their relatives

A

Phylum Monilophyta

73
Q

Another name for Lycophytes

A

Phylum Lycophyta

74
Q

What are gametophytes of Lycophytes

A

Photosynthetic; others form below ground symbiosis with fungi

75
Q

What are sporophytes of Lycophytes

A

Have both leaf-forming upright stems, and ground-hugging root-forming stems

76
Q

Spikemosses and quill worts are all __________

A

Heterosporous

77
Q

Clubmosses are

A

Homosporous

78
Q

Spikemosses and clubmosses have _________

79
Q

Spikemosses and clubmosses sporophylls cluster into _____-______ cones

A

Club-shaped

80
Q

Another name for Monilophytes

A

Phylum Monilophyta

81
Q

Include ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and relatives

A

Monilophytes

82
Q

Fern sporophytes have large ____________ (fronds) that are divided into _______

A

Megasporophylls; leaflets

83
Q

Coiled at the tip (fiddle head); which unfurls as the leaf grows

84
Q

Most species of ferns are _________, and have _________ devices for spore dispersal

A

Homosporous; springlike

85
Q

The sporophytes of this have jointed stems with rings of small leaves or branches

A

Horsetails

86
Q

Gritty stem have been used for scouring pots and pans

A

Horsetails

87
Q

Fertile and vegetative stems

A

Horsetails

88
Q

Horsetail gametophytes are __________

89
Q

Have dichotomously branching stems but no roots

A

Whisk fern sporophytes

90
Q

3 fused sporangia form a yellow knob on the end of each stem

A

Whisk ferns

91
Q

Whisk ferns are all ___________ with ________ gametophytes

A

Homosporous; bisexual

92
Q

Closely related to whisk ferns, lack roots but have leaflike outgrowths of the stem

A

Tmesipteris

93
Q

Diversified into small herbaceous plants and giant trees by the __________ period

A

Lycophytes; Carboniferous

94
Q

About ________ species of small lycophytes remain now

95
Q

T/F: Lycophytes are not true mosses

96
Q

T/F: Lycophytes are vascular plants

A

T: Lycophytes are not true mosses, true mosses are Nonvascular

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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