Chapter 41: Slide 47-91 Flashcards
Coordinated __________ and ___________ of stomach muscles churn the stomach’s contents
Contraction; relaxation
Prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine
Sphincter
The longest compartment of the alimentary canal
Small intestine
Where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occur
Small intestine
First portion of the small intestine
Duodenum
Here, chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself
Duodenum
Produces the protease trypsin and chymotrypsin
Pancreas
Are activated in the lumen of the duodenum
Proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin
The pancreas has a solution _________ and neutralizes the acidic chyme
Alkaline
Bile salts facilitate digestion of ______ and are a major component of ______
Bile
Bile is made in the
Liver
Bile is stored and concentrated in the
Gallbladder
Destroys nonfunctional red blood cells
Bile
Digestion is largely completed in the
Duodenum
What happens in the remaining regions of the small intestine
Nutrient absorption
The small intestine has a huge surface area due to ______ and ___________ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen
Villi; microvilli
The enormous __________ surface creates a brush border that greatly __________ the rate of nutrient absorption
Microvillar; increases
Transport across the epithelial cells can be _________ or _________, depending on the nutrient
Passive; active
Carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
Hepatic portal vein
Regulate nutrient distribution
Liver
Inter converts many organic molecules
Liver
Detoxifies many organic molecules
Liver
What cells absorb fatty acids and monoglyceride and recombine them into triglycerides
Epithelial
Fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble
Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons are transported into a _________, a lymphatic vessel in each villus
Lacteal
What deliver Chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart
Lymphatic vessels
The alimentary canal ends with the
Large intestine
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine
Colon
Cecum
Rectum
Leads to the rectum and anus
Colon
Aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
Cecum
The human cecum has an extension called the
Appendix
Plays a minor role in immunity
Appendix
Completes the recovery of water that began in the small intestine
Colon
The wastes of the digestive system
Feces
Become more solid as they move through the colon
Feces
Where are feces stored
Rectum
What control bowel movements
Two sphincters between the rectum and anus
An animal’s assortment of teeth
Dentition
Have less specialized teeth
Nonmammalian vertebrates
Have large, expandable stomachs
Carnivores
Have longer alimentary canals
Herbivores and omnivores
Some intestinal bacteria produce
Vitamins
The coexistence of humans and many bacteria involves
Mutualistic symbiosis
The collection of the microorganisms living in and on the body
Microbiome
A network of neurons dedicated to the digestive organs
Enteric nervous system
Regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones
Endocrine system
In humans, where is energy stored first?
Liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen
Excess energy is stored in fat in
Adipose cells
Order of energy expended
Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Fat
Glucose homeostasis relies predominantly on the opposing effects of 2 hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Insulin and glucagon
Where is the site for glucose homeostasis
Liver
A CHO rich meal raise ________ levels, which triggers the synthesis of ____________
Insulin; glycogen
______ blood sugar causes __________ to stimulate the breakdown of _________ and release ___________
Low; glucagon; glycogen; glucose
Produced in the islets of the pancreas
Glucagon; insulin
_______ cells make glucagon
Alpha
______ cells make insulin
Beta
Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Diabetes mellitus
What is one test for diabetes
Sugar in the urine
Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas
Type 1 diabetes
Appears during childhood
Type 1 diabetes
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Generally appears after age 40, may develop earlier
Type 2 diabetes
Can lead to obesity, the excess accumulation of fat
Over nourishment
Obesity contributes to what kind of diabetes
Type 2
Regulate long-term and short-term appendix by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain
Hormones
A hormone secreted by the stomach wall
Ghrelin
Triggers feelings of hunger before meals
Ghrelin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite
Insulin; PYY
Produced by the adipose (fat) tissue
Leptin
Suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels
Leptin
