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Biology 2 > Chapter 41: Slide 47-91 > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Slide 47-91 Flashcards

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1
Q

Coordinated __________ and ___________ of stomach muscles churn the stomach’s contents

A

Contraction; relaxation

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2
Q

Prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

A

Sphincter

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3
Q

The longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

Where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occur

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

First portion of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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6
Q

Here, chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

A

Duodenum

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7
Q

Produces the protease trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

Are activated in the lumen of the duodenum

A

Proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin

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9
Q

The pancreas has a solution _________ and neutralizes the acidic chyme

A

Alkaline

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10
Q

Bile salts facilitate digestion of ______ and are a major component of ______

A

Bile

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11
Q

Bile is made in the

A

Liver

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12
Q

Bile is stored and concentrated in the

A

Gallbladder

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13
Q

Destroys nonfunctional red blood cells

A

Bile

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14
Q

Digestion is largely completed in the

A

Duodenum

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15
Q

What happens in the remaining regions of the small intestine

A

Nutrient absorption

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16
Q

The small intestine has a huge surface area due to ______ and ___________ that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

A

Villi; microvilli

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17
Q

The enormous __________ surface creates a brush border that greatly __________ the rate of nutrient absorption

A

Microvillar; increases

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18
Q

Transport across the epithelial cells can be _________ or _________, depending on the nutrient

A

Passive; active

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19
Q

Carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart

A

Hepatic portal vein

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20
Q

Regulate nutrient distribution

A

Liver

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21
Q

Inter converts many organic molecules

A

Liver

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22
Q

Detoxifies many organic molecules

A

Liver

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23
Q

What cells absorb fatty acids and monoglyceride and recombine them into triglycerides

A

Epithelial

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24
Q

Fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble

A

Chylomicrons

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25
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into a _________, a lymphatic vessel in each villus

A

Lacteal

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26
Q

What deliver Chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart

A

Lymphatic vessels

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27
Q

The alimentary canal ends with the

A

Large intestine

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28
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine

A

Colon
Cecum
Rectum

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29
Q

Leads to the rectum and anus

A

Colon

30
Q

Aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet

A

Cecum

31
Q

The human cecum has an extension called the

A

Appendix

32
Q

Plays a minor role in immunity

A

Appendix

33
Q

Completes the recovery of water that began in the small intestine

A

Colon

34
Q

The wastes of the digestive system

A

Feces

35
Q

Become more solid as they move through the colon

A

Feces

36
Q

Where are feces stored

A

Rectum

37
Q

What control bowel movements

A

Two sphincters between the rectum and anus

38
Q

An animal’s assortment of teeth

A

Dentition

39
Q

Have less specialized teeth

A

Nonmammalian vertebrates

40
Q

Have large, expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

41
Q

Have longer alimentary canals

A

Herbivores and omnivores

42
Q

Some intestinal bacteria produce

A

Vitamins

43
Q

The coexistence of humans and many bacteria involves

A

Mutualistic symbiosis

44
Q

The collection of the microorganisms living in and on the body

A

Microbiome

45
Q

A network of neurons dedicated to the digestive organs

A

Enteric nervous system

46
Q

Regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones

A

Endocrine system

47
Q

In humans, where is energy stored first?

A

Liver and muscle cells in the form of glycogen

48
Q

Excess energy is stored in fat in

A

Adipose cells

49
Q

Order of energy expended

A

Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Fat

50
Q

Glucose homeostasis relies predominantly on the opposing effects of 2 hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon

51
Q

Regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Insulin and glucagon

52
Q

Where is the site for glucose homeostasis

A

Liver

53
Q

A CHO rich meal raise ________ levels, which triggers the synthesis of ____________

A

Insulin; glycogen

54
Q

______ blood sugar causes __________ to stimulate the breakdown of _________ and release ___________

A

Low; glucagon; glycogen; glucose

55
Q

Produced in the islets of the pancreas

A

Glucagon; insulin

56
Q

_______ cells make glucagon

A

Alpha

57
Q

______ cells make insulin

A

Beta

58
Q

Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues

A

Diabetes mellitus

59
Q

What is one test for diabetes

A

Sugar in the urine

60
Q

Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas

A

Type 1 diabetes

61
Q

Appears during childhood

A

Type 1 diabetes

62
Q

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes

A

Type 2 diabetes

63
Q

Characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

64
Q

Generally appears after age 40, may develop earlier

A

Type 2 diabetes

65
Q

Can lead to obesity, the excess accumulation of fat

A

Over nourishment

66
Q

Obesity contributes to what kind of diabetes

A

Type 2

67
Q

Regulate long-term and short-term appendix by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain

A

Hormones

68
Q

A hormone secreted by the stomach wall

A

Ghrelin

69
Q

Triggers feelings of hunger before meals

A

Ghrelin

70
Q

A hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite

A

Insulin; PYY

71
Q

Produced by the adipose (fat) tissue

A

Leptin

72
Q

Suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels

A

Leptin

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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