Chapter 40: Slides 60-90 Flashcards
The arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds allows for
Countercurrent exchange
What transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions; reduce heat loss
Countercurrent heat exchangers
What animals use countercurrent heat exchanges
Sharks, fish, and insects
Many __________ insects have a countercurrent heat exchangers that help maintain a high temperature in the thorax
Endothermic
What helps to cool an animal down?
Sweating or bathing
What increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
Panting
_________ and sometimes __________ use behavioral responses to control body temperature
Ectotherms; endotherms
What contributes to thermoregulation in both endotherms and Ectotherms
Social behavior
The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
Thermogenesis
What is increased by muscle activity such as moving or __________
Thermogenesis; shivering
______________ thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause ___________ to increase their metabolic activity
Nonshivering; mitochondria
Some mammals have a tissue called __________ ______ that is specialized for rapid heat production
Brown fat
Found in the infants of many mammals and in adult mammals that hibernate
Brown fat
_______ and ___________ can adjust their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes
Birds; mammals
_______ composition of cell membranes may change with temperature
Lipid
When temperatures are subzero, some ___________ produce “_________” compounds the prevent ice formation in their cells
Ectotherms; antifreeze
In mammals, the sensors responsible for thermoregulation are concentrated in a region of the brain called the
Hypothalamus
Triggers heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms
Hypothalamus
Energy requirements are related to animal ______, __________, and _____________
Size
Activity
Environment
Is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Bioenergetics
Determines the animal’s nutritional needs
Bioenergetics
Plants; harness light energy to build energy rich molecules
Autotrophs
Animals; harvest chemical energy from food
Heterotrophs
Powers cellular work
ATP
Body growth and repair
Synthesis materials such as fat
Production of gametes
Biosynthesis
The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Metabolic rate
Metabolic rate can be determined by: an animal’s _______ loss
Heat
Metabolic rate can be determined by: the amount of _________ consumed or _________ __________ produced
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
Metabolic rate can be determined by: measuring energy content of _______ consumed and _______ lost in waste products
Food; energy
What is the metabolic rate of an ___________ at rest, with an empty stomach, and not experiencing stress
Basal metabolic rate (BMR); endotherm
What is the metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed __________ at rest at a specific temperature
Standard metabolic rate (SMR); Ectotherm
Have much lower metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size
Ectotherms
What are other facts that affect metabolic rates
Age
Sex
Size
Activity
Temperature
Nutrition
Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to ________ _______ to the power of _______-_________
Body mass; three quarters
Smaller animals have ________ metabolic rates per gram than larger animals
Higher
As a body size __________, energy cost per gram of tissue _________ but a larger fraction of body tissue is needed for exchange, support, and locomotion
Increases; decrease
What greatly affects metabolic rate for both endotherms and Ectotherms
Activity
The maximum metabolic rate an animal can sustain is _________ related to the duration of the activity
Inversely
BMR
Endotherms
SMR
Ectotherms
Is a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
Torpor
Enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions
Torpor
Is a long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
Hibernation
Summer torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water
Estivation
