Chapter 33: Slide 124 Flashcards
Clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
Lophotrochozoans
Lophotrochozoans have a ________ for feeding, others have a __________ larval stage, and few have _________
Lophophore; trochophore; neither
What are the 6 groups of Lophotrochozoans
Flatworms, Rotifers and Acanthocephalans, Ectoprocts, Brachiopods, Molluscs, and Annelids
Phylum Platyhelminthes includes
Flatworms
Where do flatworms live?
Marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
Many are parasites, such as flukes and tapeworms
Flatworms
They are dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates
Flatworms
The gastrovascular cavity branches throughout the body
Flatworms
In Flatworms, the flat body increases _________ ________, placing all cells close to water, either in the surroundings or the gut
Surface area
Enables elimination of nitrogenous waste and gas exchange by diffusion across the body surface
Flat body surface area placing all cells close to water, either in the surroundings or the gut
When an organism grows without changing shape, ________ increases more rapidly than _________ _______
Volume; surface area
____________ organisms have proportionally less surface area over which exchange processes can occur
Larger
The surface area of structures is maximized by __________, flattening, folding, and ____________
Branching; projections
What in flatworms maintains osmotic balance with the surroundings
Excretory apparatus
The excretory apparatus consists of _____________
Protonephridia
Networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs
Protonephridia
Networks of tubules with ciliated structures on Protonephridia
Flame bulbs
Pull fluid through branched ducts open to the external environment
Flame bulbs
What are the two lineages of Flatworms
Catenulida and Rhabditophora
Lineage of flatworms, AKA “chain worms”
Catenulida
Live in freshwater, and reproduce asexually by budding into chains of individuals
Catenulida
Lineage of Flatworms that are more diverse and can be found in both marine and freshwater habitats, and have free-living and parasitic species
Rhabditophora
Are Rhabditophorans that live in fresh water and prey on smaller or feed on dead animals
Planarians
They have light-sensitive eyespots as well as lateral flaps for the detection of chemicals
Planarians
The nervous system of __________ is centralized and more complex than that of Cnidarians
Planarians
Some __________ reproduce asexually by fission
Planarians
Planarians are ___________; copulating mates cross fertilize each other during sexual reproduction
Hermaphrodites
More than half of ________________ are parasites living in or on other animals
Rhabditophorans
What are the 2 important groups of parasitics Rhabditophorans
Trematodes and tapeworms
This parasitic species of Rhabditophorans have diverse hosts, and complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages
Trematodes
Trematodes require an ___________ host in which larvae develop before infecting the final host
Intermediate
_________ _______, Trematodes that cause schistosomiasis in humans, spend part of their lives inside _______
Blood flukes; snails
This parasitic species of Rhabditophorans are parasites of mostly vertebrates, including humans
Tapeworms
They do not have mouth or gastrovascular cavity, they absorb nutrients directly form the ________ intestine
Tapeworms; host
In Tapeworms, __________ at the anterior end contains suckers and hooks for attacking to the host
Scolex
In Tapeworms, ____________ are units that contain sex organs form a riven behind the scolex
Proglottids
After sexual production, proglottids carrying thousands of eggs leave the ________ body in feces
Host’s
In tapeworms, _______ containing eggs are consumed in the food or water of intermediate hosts, such as ______ or ______
Feces; pigs; cattle
In tapeworms, ________ acquire larvae encysted in the muscle of intermediate hosts by eating uncooked meat
Humans
What phylum do Rotifers and Acanthocephalans belong to?
Syndermata
Are tiny animals that inhabit freshwater, marine, and damp soil habitats
Rotifers
They are smaller than many host protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems
Rotifers
Have a crown of cilia that draw water and food particles in to the mouth
Rotifers
In Rotifers, food is ground up in jaws called
Trophi
In Rotifers, food is further digested in the ___________ _______
Alimentary canal
In Rotifers, a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus
Alimentary canal
In Rotifers, fluid in the _______ function as a hydrostatic skeleton
Hemocoel
In Rotifers, _______ ___________ distribute nutrients in the fluid to internal organs suspended within the Hemocoel
Body movements
Some Rotifers species reproduce entirely by ________________
Parthenogenesis
In Rotifers, where females produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs
Parthenogenesis
Other species also reproduce sexually under certain conditions, such as crowding
Rotifers
This lineage of Syndermata are sexually reproducing parasites of vertebrates
Acanthocephalans
They lack a complete digestive tract
Acanthocephalans
They are commonly called spiny-headed worms after the curved hooks on the proboscis
Acanthocephalans
All _________________ are parasites that have complex life cycles with _________ hosts
Acanthocephalans; multiple
In Acanthocephalans, some species manipulate the ________ host’s behavior to increase transmission to the ______ host
Intermediate; final
What 2 Phylum share several traits
Ectoprocts and Brachiopods
What are the 4 traits that Ectoprocts share with Brachiopods?
- a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth used for feeding
- a U-shaped alimentary canal
- the absence of a distinct head
- a coelom
What is another name for Ectoprocts
Bryozoans
As sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble clumps of moss
Ectoprocts
In some species, the colony is encased in a hard exoskeleton; the lophophores extend through pores
Ectoprocts
Where are Ectoprocts found?
In the sea; several are reef builders
What is another name for Brachiopods
Lamp shells
Superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs
Brachiopods
The two halves of the shells in Brachiopods are ___________ and __________ rather than lateral as in clams
Dorsal; ventral
All Brachiopods are _________; most attach to the sea floor by stalk
Marine
