Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 1 Flashcards
Are diverse, widespread, and essential for the well-being of most ecosystems
Fungi
T/F: Fungi are only single-celled
F: Some are single-celled, most are complex multicellular organisms
What is similar between Fungi?
The way they derive nutrition
Fungi are _________ that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies
Heterotrophs
Fungi use __________ enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller __________ compounds
Hydrolytic; organic
These kind of enzymes can digest compounds from a wide range of sources, living or dead
Hydrolytic enzymes
Break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material
Decomposers
Absorb nutrients from living hosts
Parasitic fungi
Absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
Mutualistic fungi
The most common body structures are ___________ filaments and single cells (_______)
Multicellular; yeasts
Many fungi grow as both, but most grow as only as ________; relatively few grow as _________
Filaments; yeasts
What inhabit moist environments with plentiful with plentiful soluble nutrients, such as ________ or _______ ________
Yeasts; sugars; amino acids
Fungal bodies form networks of tiny filaments
Hyphae
Hyphae have tubular cell walls strengthened with __________
Chitin
A structural polymer
Chitin
What prevent cells from lysing due to the osmotic pressure that builds up during nutrient absorption
Chitin-rich walls
In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by cross walls, or _________
Septa
Have pores large enough to enable cell-to-cell movement of organelles
Septa
Lack septa
Coenocytic fungi
Have hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass
Coenocytic fungi
Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a ______
Mycelium
In fungal hyphae; infiltrates the food source
Mycelium
T/F: Hyphae grow primarily in girth
F: they grow primarily in length
What do Hyphae use to move material to the tips
Cytoplasmic streaming
T/F: Multicellular fungi are motile
F: They are NOT motile, but can colonize new territory through the growth of their hyphae
Some fungi have specialized _______ for feeding on live animals
Hyphae
Some fungi have specialized hyphae called _________ that allow them to extract nutrients from plants
Haustoria
What kind of fungi have specialized branching hyphae used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts
Mutualistic
An example of specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls, but not the cell membrane
Arbuscules
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizae
“Fungus roots”
Mycorrhizae
This kind of fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants
Mycorrhizae
What do plant supply in exchange for mycorrhizal fungi delivering phosphate ions and minerals to them?
Organic materials to fungi
What are the 2 types of mycorrhizal fungi?
Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal
This type of fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the root surface and extend into the extra cellular spaces of the root cortex
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
This type of fungi extend arbuscules through they root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Most vascular plants depend upon ___________
Mycorrhizae
What type of fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells
Mycorrhizal fungi
Haploid cells
Spores
How do fungi propagate themselves?
By producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually
What are carried long distances by wind or water
Spores
What happens if spores land in a moist place with food?
They will germinate and form new mycelia
Are usually haploid
Fungal nuclei and spores
Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of ________ from different __________ types
Hyphae; mating
Sexual signaling molecules used by many fungi
Pheromones
Signaling molecules used to communicate their mating type
Pheromones
The union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia
Plasmogamy
In most fungi, fusion between the ________ nuclei of the parents is _________
Haploid; delayed
A mycelium that contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei
Heterokaryon
In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell; such a mycelium is said to be ___________
Dikaryotic
Hours, days, or even centuries may pass before the nuclei fuse, a process called
Karyogamy
When a ___________ nuclei fuse, a diploid cell, such as _________, is produced.
Haploid; zygote
The short-lived ________ cell undergoes meiosis, producing __________ spores
Diploid; haploid
The paired processes of __________ and __________ produced genetic variation
Karyogamy; meiosis
Many fungi used both _________ and __________ reproduction
Sexual; asexual
Produce haploid spores asexually by mitosis
Molds
Form visible, “furry” mycelia
Mold
Single-celled ______ reproduce asexually without producing spores
Yeasts
_____________ occurs through simple cell division or pinching of small “_______ _____” off a parent cell
Reproduction; bud cells
Yeasts and filamentous fungi that have no known sexual stage form a group called
Deuteromycetes
They are reclassified if a sexual stage is discovered
Deuteromycetes
________ and _________ are more closely related to each other than either group is to plants or most other eukaryotes
Fungi; animals
Name the 3 that are included in the Opisthokonts clade
Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives
Evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor
Opisthokonts
Fungi are most closely related to several groups of _______-________ protist
Single-celled
Where did Fungi most likely originate?
Aquatic habitats
145,000 known species
Fungi
What are the 2 main branches of Fungi
Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians
What is another name for Cryptomycetes
Phylum Cryptomycota
What is another name for Microsporidians
Phylum Microsporidia
Form a sister group and are basal fungal lineage
Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians
Found globally in soils, and marine and fresh water habitats
Cryptomycetes
Both aerobic and anaerobic species
Cryptomycetes
Parasites of protists and other fungi
Cryptomycetes
Unicellular and have flagellated spores
Cryptomycetes
Like other fungi, they can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall
Cryptomycetes
Are unicellular parasites of protists and animals, including humans
Microsporidians
Can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall
Microsporidians
They have highly reduced mitochondria and small genomes with a few as 2,000 genes
Microsporidians
Instead of flagellated spores, they produce spores that infect host cells via a harpoon-like organelle
Microsporidians
What is the third branch of Phylogeny of Fungi
Chytrids
What is another name for chytrids
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents
Chytrids
They include species that function as decomposes, parasites, and mutualistis
Chytrids
Nearly all chytrids have flagellated spores called
Zoospores
Cell wall are made of chitin
Chytrids
Some single-celled; other form colonies
Chytrids
What is the 4th branch of Phylogeny of Fungi?
Zoopagomycetes
What is another name for Zoopagomycetes
Phylum Zoopagomycota
Live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals or as parasites of other fungi or protists
Zoopagomycetes
Form filamentous hyphae
Zoopagomycetes
Reproduce asexually via nonflagellated spores
Zoopagomycetes
Induce behavioral changes in insects they parasitize
Zoopagomycetes
In Zoopagomycetes, those that reproduce sexually form a durable structure called
Zygosporangium
In Zoopagomycetes; house and protect the zygote
Zygosporangium
In Zoopagomycetes, this structure is also produced by some mucoromycete species
Zygosporangium
Haven nonflagellated, wind dispersed spores
Zoopagomycetes
