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Biology 2 > Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Fungi Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are diverse, widespread, and essential for the well-being of most ecosystems

A

Fungi

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2
Q

T/F: Fungi are only single-celled

A

F: Some are single-celled, most are complex multicellular organisms

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3
Q

What is similar between Fungi?

A

The way they derive nutrition

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4
Q

Fungi are _________ that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies

A

Heterotrophs

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5
Q

Fungi use __________ enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller __________ compounds

A

Hydrolytic; organic

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6
Q

These kind of enzymes can digest compounds from a wide range of sources, living or dead

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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7
Q

Break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

A

Decomposers

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8
Q

Absorb nutrients from living hosts

A

Parasitic fungi

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9
Q

Absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

A

Mutualistic fungi

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10
Q

The most common body structures are ___________ filaments and single cells (_______)

A

Multicellular; yeasts

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11
Q

Many fungi grow as both, but most grow as only as ________; relatively few grow as _________

A

Filaments; yeasts

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12
Q

What inhabit moist environments with plentiful with plentiful soluble nutrients, such as ________ or _______ ________

A

Yeasts; sugars; amino acids

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13
Q

Fungal bodies form networks of tiny filaments

A

Hyphae

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14
Q

Hyphae have tubular cell walls strengthened with __________

A

Chitin

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15
Q

A structural polymer

A

Chitin

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16
Q

What prevent cells from lysing due to the osmotic pressure that builds up during nutrient absorption

A

Chitin-rich walls

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17
Q

In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by cross walls, or _________

A

Septa

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18
Q

Have pores large enough to enable cell-to-cell movement of organelles

A

Septa

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19
Q

Lack septa

A

Coenocytic fungi

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20
Q

Have hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass

A

Coenocytic fungi

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21
Q

Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a ______

A

Mycelium

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22
Q

In fungal hyphae; infiltrates the food source

A

Mycelium

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23
Q

T/F: Hyphae grow primarily in girth

A

F: they grow primarily in length

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24
Q

What do Hyphae use to move material to the tips

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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25
Q

T/F: Multicellular fungi are motile

A

F: They are NOT motile, but can colonize new territory through the growth of their hyphae

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26
Q

Some fungi have specialized _______ for feeding on live animals

A

Hyphae

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27
Q

Some fungi have specialized hyphae called _________ that allow them to extract nutrients from plants

A

Haustoria

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28
Q

What kind of fungi have specialized branching hyphae used to exchange nutrients with their plant hosts

A

Mutualistic

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29
Q

An example of specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls, but not the cell membrane

A

Arbuscules

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30
Q

Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhizae

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31
Q

“Fungus roots”

A

Mycorrhizae

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32
Q

This kind of fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants

A

Mycorrhizae

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33
Q

What do plant supply in exchange for mycorrhizal fungi delivering phosphate ions and minerals to them?

A

Organic materials to fungi

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of mycorrhizal fungi?

A

Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal

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35
Q

This type of fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the root surface and extend into the extra cellular spaces of the root cortex

A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

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36
Q

This type of fungi extend arbuscules through they root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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37
Q

Most vascular plants depend upon ___________

A

Mycorrhizae

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38
Q

What type of fungi colonize soils by the dispersal of haploid cells

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

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39
Q

Haploid cells

A

Spores

40
Q

How do fungi propagate themselves?

A

By producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually

41
Q

What are carried long distances by wind or water

A

Spores

42
Q

What happens if spores land in a moist place with food?

A

They will germinate and form new mycelia

43
Q

Are usually haploid

A

Fungal nuclei and spores

44
Q

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of ________ from different __________ types

A

Hyphae; mating

45
Q

Sexual signaling molecules used by many fungi

A

Pheromones

46
Q

Signaling molecules used to communicate their mating type

A

Pheromones

47
Q

The union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

A

Plasmogamy

48
Q

In most fungi, fusion between the ________ nuclei of the parents is _________

A

Haploid; delayed

49
Q

A mycelium that contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei

A

Heterokaryon

50
Q

In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell; such a mycelium is said to be ___________

A

Dikaryotic

51
Q

Hours, days, or even centuries may pass before the nuclei fuse, a process called

A

Karyogamy

52
Q

When a ___________ nuclei fuse, a diploid cell, such as _________, is produced.

A

Haploid; zygote

53
Q

The short-lived ________ cell undergoes meiosis, producing __________ spores

A

Diploid; haploid

54
Q

The paired processes of __________ and __________ produced genetic variation

A

Karyogamy; meiosis

55
Q

Many fungi used both _________ and __________ reproduction

A

Sexual; asexual

56
Q

Produce haploid spores asexually by mitosis

A

Molds

57
Q

Form visible, “furry” mycelia

A

Mold

58
Q

Single-celled ______ reproduce asexually without producing spores

A

Yeasts

59
Q

_____________ occurs through simple cell division or pinching of small “_______ _____” off a parent cell

A

Reproduction; bud cells

60
Q

Yeasts and filamentous fungi that have no known sexual stage form a group called

A

Deuteromycetes

61
Q

They are reclassified if a sexual stage is discovered

A

Deuteromycetes

62
Q

________ and _________ are more closely related to each other than either group is to plants or most other eukaryotes

A

Fungi; animals

63
Q

Name the 3 that are included in the Opisthokonts clade

A

Fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives

64
Q

Evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor

A

Opisthokonts

65
Q

Fungi are most closely related to several groups of _______-________ protist

A

Single-celled

66
Q

Where did Fungi most likely originate?

A

Aquatic habitats

67
Q

145,000 known species

A

Fungi

68
Q

What are the 2 main branches of Fungi

A

Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians

69
Q

What is another name for Cryptomycetes

A

Phylum Cryptomycota

70
Q

What is another name for Microsporidians

A

Phylum Microsporidia

71
Q

Form a sister group and are basal fungal lineage

A

Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians

72
Q

Found globally in soils, and marine and fresh water habitats

A

Cryptomycetes

73
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic species

A

Cryptomycetes

74
Q

Parasites of protists and other fungi

A

Cryptomycetes

75
Q

Unicellular and have flagellated spores

A

Cryptomycetes

76
Q

Like other fungi, they can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall

A

Cryptomycetes

77
Q

Are unicellular parasites of protists and animals, including humans

A

Microsporidians

78
Q

Can synthesize a chitin-rich cell wall

A

Microsporidians

79
Q

They have highly reduced mitochondria and small genomes with a few as 2,000 genes

A

Microsporidians

80
Q

Instead of flagellated spores, they produce spores that infect host cells via a harpoon-like organelle

A

Microsporidians

81
Q

What is the third branch of Phylogeny of Fungi

A

Chytrids

82
Q

What is another name for chytrids

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota

83
Q

Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents

A

Chytrids

84
Q

They include species that function as decomposes, parasites, and mutualistis

A

Chytrids

85
Q

Nearly all chytrids have flagellated spores called

A

Zoospores

86
Q

Cell wall are made of chitin

A

Chytrids

87
Q

Some single-celled; other form colonies

A

Chytrids

88
Q

What is the 4th branch of Phylogeny of Fungi?

A

Zoopagomycetes

89
Q

What is another name for Zoopagomycetes

A

Phylum Zoopagomycota

90
Q

Live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals or as parasites of other fungi or protists

A

Zoopagomycetes

91
Q

Form filamentous hyphae

A

Zoopagomycetes

92
Q

Reproduce asexually via nonflagellated spores

A

Zoopagomycetes

93
Q

Induce behavioral changes in insects they parasitize

A

Zoopagomycetes

94
Q

In Zoopagomycetes, those that reproduce sexually form a durable structure called

A

Zygosporangium

95
Q

In Zoopagomycetes; house and protect the zygote

A

Zygosporangium

96
Q

In Zoopagomycetes, this structure is also produced by some mucoromycete species

A

Zygosporangium

97
Q

Haven nonflagellated, wind dispersed spores

A

Zoopagomycetes

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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