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Biology 2 > Chapter 32: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Produce their own organic molecules

A

Plants

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2
Q

Eat living and nonliving organisms

A

Animals

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3
Q

Digest food externally and then absorb nutrients

A

Fungi

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4
Q

Ingest foods and then digest it internally

A

Animals

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5
Q

Obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

Formed from layers of embryonic cells

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Process food inside their bodies; many have an efficient ___________ system

A

Digestive

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8
Q

Animals have ________ and ________ cells

A

Nerve; muscle

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9
Q

Animals can _______ and detect and _________ potential prey

A

Move; capture

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10
Q

Undeveloped and specialized cells that are found in the bone marrow

A

Stem cells

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11
Q

Animals have tissues that develop from _________ layers

A

Embryonic

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12
Q

Are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes

A

Animals

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13
Q

Animal cells are supported by structural proteins such as ________, rather than cell walls

A

Collagen

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14
Q

What 2 types of tissues are unique, defining characteristics of animals

A

Nervous and muscle tissue

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15
Q

Are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

A

Tissues

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16
Q

What stage dominates the animals life cycle?

A

Diploid stage

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17
Q

Sperm and egg cells are produced directly by _______ division in animals

A

Meiotic

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18
Q

Animal zygotes undergo _______

A

Cleavage

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19
Q

Cleavage leads to a formation of a

A

Blastula

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20
Q

The blastula will undergo __________, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

A

Gastrulation

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21
Q

Most animals have at least one ______ stage

A

Larval

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22
Q

Is sexually immature, and morphologically and behaviorally distinct from the adult stage

A

Larva

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23
Q

After ____________, larvae become juveniles that resemble adults but are sexually immature

A

Metamorphosis

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24
Q

All animals have ______________ genes that regulate the expression of other genes

A

Developmental

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25
Q

Most animals share a unique family of regulatory genes called

A

Hox genes

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26
Q

Control the expression of many other genes that influence morphology

A

Hox genes

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27
Q

Morphological and molecular evidence indicate that protists called ___________ are the closest living relatives to animals

A

Chaonoflagellates

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28
Q

Multicellularity requires new ways to cells to ______ (attach) and __________ (communicate) to each other

A

Adhere; signal

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29
Q

Animal fossils

A

Ediacaran biota

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30
Q

Closely related to mollusks, sponges, or cnidarians

A

Ediacaran fossils

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31
Q

Marks the period of rapid animal diversification

A

Cambrian explosion

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32
Q

Most of the fossils from the Cambrian explosion are

A

Bilaterians

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33
Q

What are the 3 traits of bilaterians

A

Bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, efficient digestive system with mouth and an anus at opposite ends

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34
Q

The two groups of early land vertebrates survive today

A

Amphibians and amniotes

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35
Q

Animal diversity can be described by a few ________ ______

A

Body plans

36
Q

Sets of morphological and developmental traits

A

Body plans

37
Q

Are conserved, also have changed many times over the course of evolution

A

Body plans

38
Q

Can be compared based on body symmetry

A

Animals

39
Q

What are the two types of symmetry of animals?

A

Radial and bilateral

40
Q

Often sessile or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming)

A

Radially symmetrical animals

41
Q

Move actively and have a CNS

A

Bilateral animals

42
Q

Body parts of arranged around a single central axis

A

Radial symmetry

43
Q

Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animals into mirror images

A

Radial symmetry

44
Q

Body parts of arranged around 2 axes of orientation, the head-tail axis and the dorsal-ventral axis

A

Bilateral symmetry

45
Q

Only 1 imaginary slice divides the animals into mirror-image halves, the right side and left side

A

Bilateral symmetry

46
Q

What 3 things do bilateral symmetrical animals have?

A

Dorsal (top) side and ventral (bottom) side, a right and left side, & head and tail end

47
Q

Have sensory equipment (brain) concentrated in their anterior end

A

Bilateral symmetrical animals

48
Q

Animal body plants also vary according to the organization of _______

A

Tissues

49
Q

Collection of specialized cells that act as a functional unit

A

Tissues

50
Q

Lack tissues

A

Sponges and few other groups

51
Q

What are the 2 germ layers of animals

A

Ectoderm; endoderm

52
Q

Covers the embryo’s surface, and gives rise to the outer covering and CNS

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

The innermost layer, lines the blind pouch (archenteron) that will form the gut, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs

A

Endoderm

54
Q

Type of animal that only have ectoderm and endoderm, example are Cnidarians

A

Diploblastic animals

55
Q

Type of animals that have a third germ layer

A

Triploblastic animals

56
Q

Fills the space between ectoderm and endoderm, and gives rise to muscles and most organs

A

Mesoderm

57
Q

Most triploblastic animals have a ________ ________

A

Body cavity

58
Q

A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the outer body wall

A

Body cavity

59
Q

Function of body cavities (1)

A

Internal fluid cushions the suspended organs

60
Q

Function of body cavities (2)

A

The fluid can act like a skeleton against which the muscle of soft-bodied animals can work

61
Q

Function of body cavities (3)

A

The cavity enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall

62
Q

A body cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm

A

Coelom

63
Q

Forms structures that suspend the internal organs

A

Mesoderm

64
Q

A body cavity formed between the mesoderm and endoderm

A

Hemocoel

65
Q

Hemocoel is filled with _________

A

Hemolymph

66
Q

A fluid that transports nutrients and waste throughout the body cavity

A

Hemolymph

67
Q

Many animals have a _______ and a ________

A

Hemocoel; coelom

68
Q

T/F: All Triploblastic animals have a body cavity

A

F: some Triploblastic animals do NOT have a body cavity

69
Q

Tend to be compact animals with thin, flat bodies that exchange nutrients, gases, and wastes across the body surface

A

Triploblastic animals

70
Q

What are the 2 developmental modes of animals

A

Protostome or deuterostome development

71
Q

What 3 things do protostome and deuterostome development differ in?

A

Cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of the blastopore

72
Q

Many animals with protostome development have _______ and _______ cleavage

A

Spiral; determinant

73
Q

The planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo

A

Spiral cleavage

74
Q

Rigidly determines the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

A

Determinate cleavage

75
Q

What 2 types of cleavage does deuterostome development have?

A

Radial and indeterminate cleavage

76
Q

The planes of division are either parallel or perpendicular to the embryo’s vertical axis

A

Radial cleavage

77
Q

Each cell produced by early cleavage is able to form a complete embryo

A

Indeterminate cleavage

78
Q

In Coelom formation, during gastrulation, the embryo forms an ____________

A

Archenteron

79
Q

Blind pouch formed by the embryo; becomes the gut

A

Archenteron

80
Q

During which development does the coelom form by the splitting of the solid masses of mesoderm

A

Protostome development

81
Q

During which development does the coelom form from the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron

A

Deuterostome development

82
Q

An indentation in the gastrula that leads to the formation of the archenteron

A

Blastopore

83
Q

What two things will form the mouth and anus?

A

Blastopore and second opening at the opposite end

84
Q

Which development does the blastopore become the mouth?

A

Protostome development

85
Q

Which development does the blastopore become the anus?

A

Deuterostome development

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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