Chapter 34A: Vertebrates Flashcards
Have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Chordates
Are bilaterian animals belonging to the clade called Deuterostomia
Chordates
Chordates comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates:
Urochordates
Cephalochordates
What are the 4 key characters of chordates?
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail
A longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
Notochord
Provides flexible skeletal support during early development and in adults that retain it
Notochord
The ______ _____ of the embryo develops into the CNS: the brain and spinal cord
Nerve cord
All chordate embryos have grooves along the outer surface of the pharynx called
Pharyngeal clefts
The grooves develop into _________ ______ that open into the pharynx
Pharyngeal slits
Allow water to pass from the mouth to the outside of the body, bypassing the digestive tract
Pharyngeal slits
Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
Pharyngeal slits and arches
Modified into gills for gas exchange in non-tetrapod vertebrates
Pharyngeal slit and arches
___________ do not develop pharyngeal slits, the _________ develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck
Tetrapods; arches
Provides propelling force in many aquatic species
Muscular, post-anal tail
Are a part of phylum Cephalochordata and are marine suspension feeders, named for their blade like shape
Lancelets
They swim using a simplified form of the mechanism used by fish
Lancelets
Are a part of phylum Urochordata and are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets
Tunicates
Adult tunicates and are sessile
Sea squirts
__________ are chordates that have a backbone
Vertebrates
A skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates efficiency at 2 essential tasks:
Capturing food
Evading predators
Unique to vertebrates; appears along the edges of the closing neural tube
Neural crest
Neural crest cells disperse through the embryo and give rise to many features:
Teeth
Some bones and cartilage of the skull
Several types of neurons
Sensory capsules
Hagfish and Lampreys belong to which two phylum
Myxini and Petromyzontida
Are the only living vertebrates lacking jaws
Hagfish and lampreys
Lack a backbone, but have rudimentary vertebrae
Hagfish and lampreys
Jawless vertebrates
Cyclostomes
Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae and a cartilaginous skull
Hagfish
Has rows of slime glands that produce a slime that repels competitors and predators
Hagfish
Jawless vertebrates with reduced vertebrae, a notochord, and a cartilaginous skeleton
Lampreys
Among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record; have large eyes to locate prey
Conodonts
Jawed vertebrates (“Jaw mouth”)
Gnathostomes
Include sharks and their relatives, ray finned fish, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals
Gnathostomes
Aquatic Gnathostomes have rows of organs sensitive to vibrations located along body sides
Lateral line system
Sharks, rays and their relatives
Chondrichthyans
Have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage, often impregnated with calcium
Chondrichthyans
In Chondrichthyans, this structure functions as a stabilizer and others structures are used for maneuvering
Dorsal fins; paired pectoral and pelvic fins
The largest sharks and rays are
Suspension feeders
What in Chondrichthyans’ digestive tract increase surface area and slow the passage of food
Spiral valve
Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body
Oviparous
Eggs are retained within the oviduct; young are born after hatching within the uterus
Ovoviviparous
Young develop within the uterus and are nourished by a yolk sac placenta, absorption of nutrient rich fluid, or by eating other eggs
Viviparous
A common chamber with a single opening to the outside of the body
Cloaca
What three structures empty into the cloaca
Reproductive tract
Excretory system
Digestive tract
Bottom-dwellers
Rays
The vast majority of vertebrates are ___________, nearly all of which have a bony ______________
Osteichthyans; endoskeleton
Bony fish and tetrapods
Osteichthyans
Aquatic Osteichthyans
Fish
Gills of fish are protected by a bony flap called
Operculum
An air sac called the _______ ___________ is filled to maintain buoyancy
Swim bladder
Ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii
Lobe-fins
Sarcopterygii
What are the 3 lineages of Lobe-fin
Coelacanths (Actinistia)
Lungfish (Dipnoi)
Tetrapods
__________ are Gnathostomes that have limbs
Tetrapods
4 fish characters
Scales
Fins
Gills
Lungs
5 tetrapod characters
Neck
Ribs
Fin skeleton
Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull
