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Biology 2 > Chapter 40: Animal Form And Function Slide 1-58 > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Animal Form And Function Slide 1-58 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?

A

Form
Function
Behavior

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2
Q

What help maintain an animal’s internal environment?

A

Adaptations in form, function, and behavior

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Form

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4
Q

Physiology

A

Function

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5
Q

For penguins, insulating reduces heat loss is an example of

A

Form

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6
Q

For penguins, shivering produces heat is an example of

A

Function

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7
Q

For penguins, packing together reduces exposure is a example of

A

Behavior

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8
Q

All animals must obtain __________ and ___________, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring

A

Nutrients; oxygen

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9
Q

Biological structure

A

Anatomy

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10
Q

Biological function

A

Physiology

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11
Q

The ______ ______ of an animal is programmed by the genome

A

Body plan

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12
Q

What’s limit the range of animal forms?

A

Physical laws (strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange)

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13
Q

What limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals?

A

Properties of water

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14
Q

As animals increase in size, _________ skeletons are required for support

A

Thicker

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15
Q

What represent a larger fraction of the total body mass

A

Muscles (for locomotion)

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16
Q

At some point, ________ becomes limited

A

Mobility

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17
Q

What materials must be exchanged across the plasma membrane of animal cells?

A

Nutrients
Waste products
Gases

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18
Q

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s ________ _____

A

Surface area

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19
Q

_______ ___ __________ that must be exchanged is proportional to a cell’s volume

A

Amount of material

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20
Q

What has sufficient surface area to carry out all necessary exchange?

A

Single-celled organism living in water

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21
Q

Multicellular organizations only work if every cell has access to a suitable

A

Aqueous environment

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22
Q

This animal’s cells are in direct contact with their environment

A

Tapeworms (flat animals)

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23
Q

Enable sufficient exchange with the environment

A

Extensively branched or folded structures

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24
Q

The space between cells filled with __________ _______, which links exchange surfaces to body cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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25
Q

Help an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A

Complex body plan

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26
Q

Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function

A

Tissues

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27
Q

Tissues make up

A

Organs

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28
Q

Organs together make up an

A

Organ system

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29
Q

What organ belongs to more than one organ system

A

Pancreas

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30
Q

What are the 4 main types of animal tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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31
Q

Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

A

Epithelial tissue

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32
Q

Contains cells that are closely packed

A

Epithelial

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33
Q

What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells

A

Cuboidal (dice)
Columnar (bricks)
Squamous (floor tiles)

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34
Q

Holds many tissues and organs together in place

A

Connective tissue

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35
Q

Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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36
Q

Consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

A

Extracellular matrix

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37
Q

Connective tissue contains cells including

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages

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38
Q

Secrete fiber proteins

A

Fibroblasts

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39
Q

Engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

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40
Q

What are all three types of connective tissue fiber made of?

A

Protein

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic

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42
Q

This fiber provides strength and flexibility

A

Collagenous

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43
Q

This fiber join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

A

Reticular

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44
Q

This fiber stretch and snap back to their original length

A

Elastic

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45
Q

In __________, the fibers and foundation combine to form 6 major types of connective tissue

A

Vertebrates

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46
Q

What are the 6 major types of connective tissue

A

Loose
Fibrous
Bone
Adipose
Blood
Cartilage

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47
Q

This tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues

A

Loose

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48
Q

This tissue holds organs in place

A

Loose

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49
Q

This tissue is found in tendons and ligaments

A

Fibrous

50
Q

Attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

51
Q

Connect bones at joints

A

Ligaments

52
Q

This tissue is mineralized and forms the skeleton

A

Bone

53
Q

This tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel

A

Adipose

54
Q

This tissue is composed of blood cells and cells fragments in blood plasma

A

Blood

55
Q

This tissue is strong and flexible support material

A

Cartilage

56
Q

This type of tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement

A

Muscle

57
Q

Muscle cells consist of what 2 filaments

A

Actin and myosin

58
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Stood
Cardiac

59
Q

This type of tissue is striated

A

Skeletal

60
Q

This type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement

A

Skeletal

61
Q

This type of tissue is responsible for involuntary body activities

A

Smooth

62
Q

This type of tissue is responsible for contraction of the heart

A

Cardiac

63
Q

This tissue functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information

A

Nervous

64
Q

What 2 structures do nervous tissue contain?

A

Neurons
Glial cells (glia)

65
Q

“Nerve cells”; transmit nerve impulses

A

Neurons

66
Q

“Glia”; support cells

A

Glial cells

67
Q

What are the 2 major systems for coordinating and controlling response to stimuli

A

Endocrine
Nervous

68
Q

This system release signaling molecules that are carried to all location in the body

A

Endocrine

69
Q

This system transmits information along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body

A

Nervous

70
Q

Signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the _____________ system are called

A

Hormones; endocrine

71
Q

How long can a hormone remain in the bloodstream?

A

Minutes or even hours

72
Q

In the nervous system, signals called ________ _________ travel to specific targets cells along communication lines consisting mainly of _______

A

Nerve impulses; axons

73
Q

Is very fast, and last only a fraction of second

A

Nerve signal transmission

74
Q

The information conveyed by the nervous system depends on

A

The pathway the signal takes

75
Q

Communication in the NS usually involves _______ _____ ______ type of signal

A

More than one

76
Q

____________ system well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body

A

Endocrine

77
Q

___________ system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment

A

Nervous

78
Q

This system(s) maintain a stable internal environment

A

Endocrine and nervous

79
Q

Animals manage their internal environment by either ______________ or _________

A

Regulating; conforming

80
Q

An animal that is a ___________ uses internal control mechanism to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

A

Regulator

81
Q

A ___________ allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

A

Conformer

82
Q

Organisms use _____________ to maintain a “steady state” — a relatively constant internal environment — regardless of external environment

A

Homeostasis

83
Q

What 3 things in the human body are each maintained at a fairly constant level

A

Temperature
Blood pH
Glucose concentration

84
Q

What maintains the internal environment in many animals?

A

Feedback control

85
Q

The homeostatic control system in animals maintains a variable at or near a particular value or

A

Set point

86
Q

A fluctuation above or below the set point serves as a

A

Stimulus

87
Q

A stimulus is detected by a

A

Sensor

88
Q

A control center then generates output that triggers a

A

Response

89
Q

What helps return the variable to the set point?

A

Response

90
Q

A control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus

A

Negative feedback

91
Q

Plays a major role in homeostasis in animals

A

Negative feedback

92
Q

Homeostasis moderates but ___________ eliminate changes in the internal environment

A

Doesn’t

93
Q

Amplifies a stimulus and does not play a major role in homeostasis

A

Positive feedback

94
Q

Can help drive a process (such as child birth) to completion

A

Positive feedback

95
Q

In animals and plants, a ____________ ________ governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

A

Circadian rhythm

96
Q

Homeostasis is sometimes altered by

A

Acclimatization

97
Q

A change in an animal’s physiology as it adjusts to changes in it environment

A

Acclimatization

98
Q

Example is adaptation to changes in altitude

A

Acclimatization

99
Q

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

A

Thermoregulation

100
Q

Animals generate heat by metabolism

A

Endothermic

101
Q

Birds and mammals are

A

Endotherms

102
Q

Animals gain heart from external sources

A

Ectothermic

103
Q

Fish, amphibians, non avian reptiles, and most invertebrates

A

Ectotherms

104
Q

Can maintain a stable body temperature

A

Endotherms

105
Q

More energetically expensive

A

Endothermy

106
Q

Need to consume less food than equally sized __________

A

Ectotherms; endotherms

107
Q

Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature

A

Ectotherms

108
Q

King penguins

A

Endotherms

109
Q

Florida red-bellied turtles

A

Ectotherms

110
Q

Body temperature of ___________ varies with its environment

A

Poikilotherm

111
Q

Body temperature of a ____________ is relatively constant

A

Homeotherm

112
Q

The relationship between heat source and __________ ________________ is not fixed

A

Body temperature

113
Q

What are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat?

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction

114
Q

Heat regulation in mammals often involves the __________________ system

A

Integumentary

115
Q

What does the integumentary system include?

A

Skin
Hair
Nails

116
Q

What are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A

Insulation
Circulatory adaptations
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
Behavioral responses
Adjusting metabolic heat production

117
Q

Is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds

A

Insulation

118
Q

Reduces the flow of heat between an animal’s body and it environment

A

Insulation

119
Q

What 4 things reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment

A

Skin
Feathers
Fur
Blubber

120
Q

What significantly affects thermoregulation

A

Regulation of blood flow near the body surface

121
Q

Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

A

Vasodilation

122
Q

Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowing heat loss

A

Vasoconstriction

Biology 2 (33 decks)

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