Chapter 40: Animal Form And Function Slide 1-58 Flashcards
How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?
Form
Function
Behavior
What help maintain an animal’s internal environment?
Adaptations in form, function, and behavior
Anatomy
Form
Physiology
Function
For penguins, insulating reduces heat loss is an example of
Form
For penguins, shivering produces heat is an example of
Function
For penguins, packing together reduces exposure is a example of
Behavior
All animals must obtain __________ and ___________, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring
Nutrients; oxygen
Biological structure
Anatomy
Biological function
Physiology
The ______ ______ of an animal is programmed by the genome
Body plan
What’s limit the range of animal forms?
Physical laws (strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange)
What limit possible shapes for fast swimming animals?
Properties of water
As animals increase in size, _________ skeletons are required for support
Thicker
What represent a larger fraction of the total body mass
Muscles (for locomotion)
At some point, ________ becomes limited
Mobility
What materials must be exchanged across the plasma membrane of animal cells?
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s ________ _____
Surface area
_______ ___ __________ that must be exchanged is proportional to a cell’s volume
Amount of material
What has sufficient surface area to carry out all necessary exchange?
Single-celled organism living in water
Multicellular organizations only work if every cell has access to a suitable
Aqueous environment
This animal’s cells are in direct contact with their environment
Tapeworms (flat animals)
Enable sufficient exchange with the environment
Extensively branched or folded structures
The space between cells filled with __________ _______, which links exchange surfaces to body cells
Interstitial fluid
Help an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Complex body plan
Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function
Tissues
Tissues make up
Organs
Organs together make up an
Organ system
What organ belongs to more than one organ system
Pancreas
What are the 4 main types of animal tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
Epithelial tissue
Contains cells that are closely packed
Epithelial
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells
Cuboidal (dice)
Columnar (bricks)
Squamous (floor tiles)
Holds many tissues and organs together in place
Connective tissue
Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix
Connective tissue
Consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
Extracellular matrix
Connective tissue contains cells including
Fibroblasts and macrophages
Secrete fiber proteins
Fibroblasts
Engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis
Macrophages
What are all three types of connective tissue fiber made of?
Protein
What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers
Collagenous
Reticular
Elastic
This fiber provides strength and flexibility
Collagenous
This fiber join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Reticular
This fiber stretch and snap back to their original length
Elastic
In __________, the fibers and foundation combine to form 6 major types of connective tissue
Vertebrates
What are the 6 major types of connective tissue
Loose
Fibrous
Bone
Adipose
Blood
Cartilage
This tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues
Loose
This tissue holds organs in place
Loose
This tissue is found in tendons and ligaments
Fibrous
Attach muscles to bones
Tendons
Connect bones at joints
Ligaments
This tissue is mineralized and forms the skeleton
Bone
This tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel
Adipose
This tissue is composed of blood cells and cells fragments in blood plasma
Blood
This tissue is strong and flexible support material
Cartilage
This type of tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
Muscle
Muscle cells consist of what 2 filaments
Actin and myosin
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Stood
Cardiac
This type of tissue is striated
Skeletal
This type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement
Skeletal
This type of tissue is responsible for involuntary body activities
Smooth
This type of tissue is responsible for contraction of the heart
Cardiac
This tissue functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information
Nervous
What 2 structures do nervous tissue contain?
Neurons
Glial cells (glia)
“Nerve cells”; transmit nerve impulses
Neurons
“Glia”; support cells
Glial cells
What are the 2 major systems for coordinating and controlling response to stimuli
Endocrine
Nervous
This system release signaling molecules that are carried to all location in the body
Endocrine
This system transmits information along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body
Nervous
Signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the _____________ system are called
Hormones; endocrine
How long can a hormone remain in the bloodstream?
Minutes or even hours
In the nervous system, signals called ________ _________ travel to specific targets cells along communication lines consisting mainly of _______
Nerve impulses; axons
Is very fast, and last only a fraction of second
Nerve signal transmission
The information conveyed by the nervous system depends on
The pathway the signal takes
Communication in the NS usually involves _______ _____ ______ type of signal
More than one
____________ system well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body
Endocrine
___________ system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment
Nervous
This system(s) maintain a stable internal environment
Endocrine and nervous
Animals manage their internal environment by either ______________ or _________
Regulating; conforming
An animal that is a ___________ uses internal control mechanism to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Regulator
A ___________ allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
Conformer
Organisms use _____________ to maintain a “steady state” — a relatively constant internal environment — regardless of external environment
Homeostasis
What 3 things in the human body are each maintained at a fairly constant level
Temperature
Blood pH
Glucose concentration
What maintains the internal environment in many animals?
Feedback control
The homeostatic control system in animals maintains a variable at or near a particular value or
Set point
A fluctuation above or below the set point serves as a
Stimulus
A stimulus is detected by a
Sensor
A control center then generates output that triggers a
Response
What helps return the variable to the set point?
Response
A control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus
Negative feedback
Plays a major role in homeostasis in animals
Negative feedback
Homeostasis moderates but ___________ eliminate changes in the internal environment
Doesn’t
Amplifies a stimulus and does not play a major role in homeostasis
Positive feedback
Can help drive a process (such as child birth) to completion
Positive feedback
In animals and plants, a ____________ ________ governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
Circadian rhythm
Homeostasis is sometimes altered by
Acclimatization
A change in an animal’s physiology as it adjusts to changes in it environment
Acclimatization
Example is adaptation to changes in altitude
Acclimatization
The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
Thermoregulation
Animals generate heat by metabolism
Endothermic
Birds and mammals are
Endotherms
Animals gain heart from external sources
Ectothermic
Fish, amphibians, non avian reptiles, and most invertebrates
Ectotherms
Can maintain a stable body temperature
Endotherms
More energetically expensive
Endothermy
Need to consume less food than equally sized __________
Ectotherms; endotherms
Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
Ectotherms
King penguins
Endotherms
Florida red-bellied turtles
Ectotherms
Body temperature of ___________ varies with its environment
Poikilotherm
Body temperature of a ____________ is relatively constant
Homeotherm
The relationship between heat source and __________ ________________ is not fixed
Body temperature
What are the 4 physical processes that organisms exchange heat?
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Heat regulation in mammals often involves the __________________ system
Integumentary
What does the integumentary system include?
Skin
Hair
Nails
What are the 5 adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
Insulation
Circulatory adaptations
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
Behavioral responses
Adjusting metabolic heat production
Is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds
Insulation
Reduces the flow of heat between an animal’s body and it environment
Insulation
What 4 things reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment
Skin
Feathers
Fur
Blubber
What significantly affects thermoregulation
Regulation of blood flow near the body surface
Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
Vasodilation
Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowing heat loss
Vasoconstriction
