Chapter 2: The Liver Flashcards
liver injury resulting from alcohol abuse
alcoholic liver disease
an abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein
amebic hepatic abscess
the surgical connection between two structures
anastamosis
an abnormal passageway between an artery and a vein
arteriovenous fistula
disorders in which the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy tissues and/or organs
autoimmune disorders
an inherited disease that results in the development of renal, liver, and pancreatic cysts typically late in life; also referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
the region of the liver not covered by the peritoneum
bare area
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargment of several organs, including the skull, tongue, and liver; children with this disorder are prone to several childhood cancers, including within the liver and kidney
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
a collection of bile within the abdomen; can be intrahepatic or extrahepatic in location
bilomaj
a syndrome described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible coexisting occlusion of the inferior vena cava
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the abdomen
caput medusae
the most common benign liver tumor
cavernous hemangioma
inflammation of the bile ducts
cholangitis
condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis, and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules
cirrhosis
the water soluble form of bilirubin that is excreted into the intestines in bile and excreted in the stool; also referred to as direct bilirubin
conjugated bilirubin
sonographic imaging that includes the injection of a contrast agent intravenously to better enhance the borders of liver lesions and to analyze those lesions for possible signs of malignancy
contrast enhanced liver ultrasound
system used to separate the liver into eight surgical segments; used to describe functional liver anatomy
couinaud classification
syndrome characterized by cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and dilation of the umbilical and paraumbilical veins
Cruveihler-Baumgarten Syndrome
genetic disorder linked with the development of scar tissue accumulation within the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and/or intestines
cystic fibrosis
a pseudomass of the liver seen on sonography resulting from hypertrophied diaphragmatic muscle bundles
diaphragmatic slip
infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that may contain mucus and/or blood
dysentery
hydatid liver cyst
echinoccal cyst
a parasite responsible for the development of hydatid liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
the virus responsible for mononucleosis and other potential complications
Epstein-Barr virus
dilated or broken vessels located near the surface of the skin on the face that appears as threadlike red lines; commonly referred to as spider veins
Facial telangiesctasia
ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
falciform ligament
a reversible disease characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes; also referred to as hepatic steatosis
fatty liver
bad breath secondary to end-stage liver disease and the livers inability to filter toxins; often accompanies cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy
fetor hepaticus
manifestation of fatty liver disease in which fat deposits are localized
focal fatty infiltration
manifestation of fatty liver disease in which fat deposits are localised
focal fatty infiltration
manifestation of fatty liver disease in which an area of the liver is spared from fatty infiltration
focal fatty sparing
a benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue that typically contains a central scar
focal nodular hyperplasia
the junction between the stomach and the esophagus
gastroesophageal junction
the thin fibrous casing of the liver
Glisson capsule
enlargement of the male breast
gynecomastia
vomiting blood
hematemesis
a localized collection of blood
hematoma
an inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron
hemochromatosis
the formation and development of blood cells
hemopoeisis
a hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver
hepatic candidiasis
a condition in which a patient becomes confused or suffers from intermittent loss of conciousness secondary to the overexposure of the brain to toxic chemicals that the liver would normally remove from the body
hepatic encephalopathy
jaundice resulting from the liver’s inability to conjugate bilirubin, may be caused by conditions such as viral hepatitis, toxins, drugs, cirrhosis, and liver cancer
hepatic jaundice
fatty liver
hepatic steatosis
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
a benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives
hepatocellular adenoma
the primary form of liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
blood flow away from the liver
hepatofugal
the malignant tumor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; primary liver cancer
hepatoma
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
blood flow toward the liver
hepatopetal
the development of renal impairment and possible renal failure because of chronic liver disease
hepatorenal syndrome
concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen
hepatosplenomegaly
a liver cyst that develops from a tapeworm that lives in dog feces; also referred to as an echinococcal cyst because it originates from the parasite Echinococcus granulosus
hydatid liver cyst
elevated levels of serum bilirubin
hyperbilirubinemia
abnormally high levels of fat within the blood
hyperlipidemia
decreased blood volume
hypovolemia
no recognizable cause; from an unknown origin
idiopathic
a patient who has a weakened immune system
immunocompromised
rare condition characterized by obstruction of the inferior vena cava by membranous or fibrous bands; can cause obstruction of the hepatic veins leading to Budd-Chiari syndrome
inferior vena cava web
chronic inflammation of all or parts of the bowel
inflammatory bowel disease
condition that results from decreased blood flow to the intestines resulting in damaged bowel tissue owing to inadequate oxygenation; also referred to as intestinal ischemia
ischemic bowel disease
broad clinical term referring to the yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae; found with liver disease and/or biliary obstruction
jaundice
brain damage from bilirubin exposure in a newborn with jaundice
kernicterus
specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells
Kupffer cells
an elevated white blood count
leukocytosis
ligament that forms part of the edge of the falciform ligament of the liver, connecting the liver to the umbilicus; a remnant of the left umbilical vein; also referred to as the round ligament of the liver
ligamentum teres
remnant of the fetal ductus venosus; appears as a hyperechoic linear ligament between the caudate lobe and left lobe of the liver
ligamentum venosum
a benign fatty tumor
lipoma
the development of scar tissue within the liver as a result of the liver repeatedly trying to repair itself
liver fibrosis
the area of the liver where the common bile duct exits the liver and portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver; also referred to as the porta hepatitis
liver hilum
a flow pattern that characteristically has antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle
low-resistance flow
feeling of uneasiness
malaise
the deterioration of a benign mass into a malignancy
malignant deterioration
the displacement of alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor
mass effect
condition that includes hypertension, hyperglycemia, excessive body fat around the waist, elevated cholesterol, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
metabolic syndrome
vascular flow yielding a single phase
monophasic
death of tissue
necrosis
redding of the palms
palmar erythema
an increase in the echogenicity of the portal triads as seen in hepatitis and other conditions
periportal cuffing
air within the biliary tree
pneumobilia
the area of the liver where the portal vein and hepatic artery enter and the hepatic duct exit; also referred to as the liver hilum
porta hepatis
the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system
portal hypertension
an assembly of a small branch of the portal vein, bile duct, and hepatic artery that surround each liver lobule
portal triads
the development of clot within the portal vein
portal vein thrombosis
elevation in bilirubin caused by an obstruction of bile flow, typically by either a gallstone lodged in the biliary tract or a pancreatic mass
posthepatic jaundice
when the liver cannot process the amount of hemolysis of the red blood cells, resulting in a buildup of circulating bilirubin in the bloodstream
prehepatic jaundice
nodular appearance of the liver caused by multiple metastatic tumors
pseudocirrhosis
false mass
pseudomass
blood spots under the skin that may appear purple
purpura
a liver abscess that can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and endocarditis
pyogenic liver abscess
the medial segment of the left lobe
quadrate lobe
the reopening of canals or pathways
recanalization
a tongue-like extension of the right hepatic lobe
Riedel’s lobe
an illness resulting from another disease, trauma, or injury
sequela
twisted or snake like pattern
serpignous
elastography technique that utilizes a standard ultrasound transducer with elastography technology to obtain information about the stiffness of tissue as in the case of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis
shear wave elastography
condition in which the organs of the abdomen and chest are on the opposite sides of the body
situs inversus
a cluster of vessels noted on the skin that have a web-like pattern;
spider nevi
blood flow to the major gastrointestinal organs including the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and small and large intestines; consists of the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery
splanchnic circulation
enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
the sonographic sign associated with the appearance of periportal cuffing in which there is an increased echogenicity of the walls of the portal triads that may be associated with hepatitis
starry sky sign
a type of fatty liver disease that causes inflammation of the liver
steatohepatitis
obtained by adding unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin
total bilirubin
procedure in which an individual receives vitamin and nutrients though a vein, often the subclavian vein
total parental hyperalimentation
imaging technique that utilizes a special transducer to assess the liver and other organs for signs of fibrosis and cirrhosis; used to measure the stiffness of tissue
transient elastography
the therapy for portal hypertension that involves the placement of a stent between the portal veins and hepatic veins to reduce portal systemic pressure
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
vascular flow yielding three phases
triphasic
the non-water soluble form of bilirubin that travels to the liver via the bloodstream eventually converted to conjugated bilirubin by the liver; also referred to as indirect bilirubin
unconjugated bilirubin
condition in which the body does not have the ability to break down glycogen; also referred to as glycogen storage disease
Von Gierke disease
an inherited disease that includes the development of cysts within the liver, pancreas, and other organs
von-Hippel Lindau disease
a congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper
Wilson disease
Vital functions of the liver
carbohydrate metabolism
Fat (lipid) metabolism
amino acid metabolism
removal of waste products
vitamin and mineral storage
drug inactivation
synthesis and secretion of bile
blood reservoir
lymph production
detoxification
decrease in albumin
chronic liver disease
cirrhosis
increase in ALP
cirrhosis
extrahepatic biliary obstruction
gallstones
hepatitis
metastatic liver disease
pancreatic carcinoma
increase in ALT
biliary tract obstruction
hepatitis
hepatocellular disease
obstructive jaundice
increase in AST
cirrhosis
fatty liver
hepatitis
metastatic liver disease
increase in Gamma-glutamyl transferase
diffuse liver disease
posthepatic obstruction
increase in LDH
cirrhosis
obstructive jaundice
increase in serum bilirubin
direct bilirubin: acute hepatocellular disease
indirect bilirubin: biliary tract obstruction
total bilirubin: cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other liver cell diseases
Prolonged PT
metastasis of the liver and hepatitis
Shortened PT
extrahepatic duct obstruction
increase in AFP
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatoblastoma
separates the anterior segment of the right lobe from the posterior segment of the right lobe
Right hepatic vein/right intersegmental fissure
separates the right lobe from the left lobe (these are located between the anterior segment of the right lobe and the medial segment of the left lobe)
middle hepatic vein/main lobar fissure/ gallbladder fossa
separates the left lateral segment of the left lobe form the left medial segment of the left lobe
left hepatic vein/ left intersegmental fissure/ ligamentum teres/ falciform ligament
Portal vein waveform
hepatopetal and monophasic
Hepatic vein waveform
hepatofugal and triphasic
transports blood to the liver from the intestines and other organs
portal veins
drain blood from the liver and deposits it into the IVC
hepatic veins
Portal veins are ____segmental
intra
Hepatic veins are ____segmental
inter
Portal veins _____ in size as they approach the diaphragm
decrease
Hepatic veins ____ in size as they approach the diaphragm
increase
Portal veins have _____ walls
hyperechoic
Extension of right lobe beyond the lower pole of the right kidney (without evidence of Reidel’s lobe)
Rounding of the inferior tip of the right lobe
extension of the left lobe well into the LUQ
hepatomegaly
