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Sonographic Topics > Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards

1
Q

a condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is decreased

A

anemia

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2
Q

drug therapy in which anticoagulant medications are given to a patient to slow down the rate at which that patient’s blood clots

A

anticoagulation therapy

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3
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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4
Q

the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

chromaffin cells

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5
Q

the information gathered by obtaining a clinical history

A

clinical findings

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6
Q

a patient’s signs and symptoms, pertinent illnesses, past surgeries, laboratory findings, and the results of other diagnostic testing

A

clinical history

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7
Q

disorders that result from the body’s inability to coagulate or form blood clots; also referred to as bleeding disorders

A

coagulopathies

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8
Q

ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes electronic beam steering of the transducer array in order to obtain many overlapping scans from varying angles, thus improving image resolution and reducing artifacts; also referred to as compound spatial imaging

A

compound imaging ultrasound

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9
Q

an imaging modality that uses x-ray to obtain cross-sectional images of the body in multiple planes; also referred to as CT or computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)

A

computed tomography

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10
Q

a sonographic technique employed to evaluate tissue based on stiffness

A

elastography

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11
Q

a means of looking inside of the human body using an endoscope

A

endoscopy

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12
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

A

exudate ascites

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13
Q

a distinctive line seen within a cyst representing the layering of two different fluid densities

A

fluid-fluid level

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14
Q

hormone produced by the stomach lining that is used to regulate the release of digestive acid

A

gastrin

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15
Q

ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes a nonlinear propagation of ultrasound as it travels through the body in order to improve axial and lateral resolution and reduce imaging artifacts; also referred to as tissue harmonic imaging

A

harmonics imaging

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16
Q

a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood

A

hematocrit

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17
Q

the body’s ability or tendency to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiologic processes

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

a condition that results from the over production of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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19
Q

low blood sugar

A

hypoglycemia

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20
Q

a condition that results from the underproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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21
Q

located within the lumen or opening of an organ or structure

A

intraluminal

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22
Q

located within the parietal peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal

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23
Q

cancer that causes lesions to develop on the skin and other places; often associated with AIDS

A

Kaposi-sarcoma

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24
Q

an elevated white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

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25
Q

disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

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26
Q

buildup of lymph that is most likely caused by the obstruction of lymph drainage

A

lymphedema

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27
Q

imaging modality that uses magnetic waves to obtain images of the human body in various planes

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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28
Q

the displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor

A

mass effect

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29
Q

the space between the liver and the right kidney; referred to as the posterior right subhepatic space

A

Morison Pouch

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30
Q

having many cavities

A

multiloculated

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31
Q

small solid internal projections of tissue originating from the wall of a cyst

A

mural nodules

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32
Q

hospital-acquired infections

A

nosocomial infections

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33
Q

a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs or for the treatment of various abnormalities

A

nuclear medicine

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34
Q

hidden

A

occult

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35
Q

large cells of glandular origin

A

oncocytes

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36
Q

a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons

A

paracentesis

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37
Q

the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

parietal peritoneum

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38
Q

endocrine gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

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39
Q

a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, joints, organs, and some other soft tissue structures

A

radiography

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40
Q

posterior to the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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41
Q

fluid that is secreted by the serous membranes to reduce friction in the peritoneal and other cavities of the body

A

serosal fluid

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42
Q

objective proof of a disease such as abnormal laboratory findings and fever

A

signs

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43
Q

information gathered by performing a sonographic examination

A

sonographic findings

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44
Q

the space between the urinary bladder and the pubic bone; also referred to as the retropubic space

A

space of Retzius

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45
Q

a gel pad that is used to provide some distance between the transducer face and the skin surface, allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly

A

standoff pad

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46
Q

any subjective evidence of a disease such as nausea, weakness, or numbness

A

symptoms

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47
Q

a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

A

thoracentesis

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48
Q

gland of the immune and lymphatic system located in the chest

A

thymus gland

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49
Q

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis

A

transudate ascites

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50
Q

biomarkers found in blood, urine, or other body tissues that elevate in response to cancer

A

tumor markers

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51
Q

having a single cavity

A

unilocular

52
Q

the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ

A

visceral peritoneum

53
Q

enlargement of an organ

A

visceromegaly

54
Q

a radiographic examination used to evaluate the lower urinary tract, where a contrast agent is instilled into the urinary bladder by means of uretheral catheterization

A

voiding cystourethrogram

55
Q

a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper

A

Wilson’s disease

56
Q

toward the front of the body or the front of a body part

A

anterior

57
Q

on the opposite side of the body

A

contralateral

58
Q

away from the surface of the body or structure

A

deep

59
Q

farther away from the point of attachment or origin of an extremity to the trunk of the body

A

distal

60
Q

toward the feet or away from the head; a structure that is lower than another part of the body; the lower part of an organ or structure

A

inferior (caudal)

61
Q

on the same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

62
Q

away from the midline of the body or pertaining to the side, situated at or on the side

A

lateral

63
Q

toward the middle (midline) of the body or orgain

A

medial

64
Q

toward the back or behind another structure

A

posterior (dorsal)

65
Q

toward the origin of an attachment of a structure to the trunk

A

proximal

66
Q

closer to the surface of the body or structure

A

superficial

67
Q

toward the head or higher in the body

A

superior (cranial, cephalic)

68
Q

without echoes

A

anechoic

69
Q

having both cystic and solid components

A

complex

70
Q

structure that produces echoes; comparative term

A

echogenic

71
Q

of differing composition

A

heterogenous

72
Q

of uniform composition

A

homogenous

73
Q

having many echoes

A

hyperechoic

74
Q

having few echoes

A

hypoechoic

75
Q

having the same echogenicitiy

A

isoechoic

76
Q

Normal body temperature

A

98.6 degrees

77
Q

normal adult pulse

A

60-100 beats/min

78
Q

normal adult blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

79
Q

normal adult respiration

A

12-20 breaths/min

80
Q

The cycle of infection

A

reservoir
exit from reservoir
vehicle of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

81
Q

place on which or in which organisms grow and reproduce

A

reservoir

82
Q

escape route for organisms

A

exit from reservoir

83
Q

means by which organisms are carried about

A

vehicle of transmission

84
Q

part of body where organisms enter

A

portal of entry

85
Q

person whose body cannot fight off organisms once it enters the body and who therefore usually becomes ill

A

susceptible host

86
Q

A sterile field ends at the level of ______

A

tabletop

87
Q

_____ of a sterile gown are not considered sterile.

A

cuffs

88
Q

If one sterile person must pass another, they must pass ______

A

back to back

89
Q

occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a non perpendicular manner, resulting in a loss of the true echogenicity of the structure; may occur when imaging tendons

A

anisotropy

90
Q

caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces; seen with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder

A

comet-tail

91
Q

caused by air or bowel gas; most often seen emanating from bowel; may be seen posterior to gas within an abscess

A

dirty shadowing

92
Q

reflective or refractive effect seen deep to the margins of a round structure that has a significantly different speed of sound compared to surrounding tissue; may be termed refractive shadowing

A

edge shadowing

93
Q

often seen from cystic structures and appears as narrow shadow lines originating at the edge of these structures

A

edge shadowing

94
Q

produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper that the correct location

A

mirror image

95
Q

seen posterior to the liver and diaphragm, can also be seen in Doppler modes as well

A

mirror image

96
Q

produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or a fluid filled structure; may occasionally be referred to as through transmission

A

posterior acoustic enhancement

97
Q

seen posterior to fluid filled structures such as the gallbladder and renal cysts, Also seen with pleural effusion and ascites

A

posterior acoustic enhancement

98
Q

caused by the bending of the ultrasound beam when it passes through an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of the approach is not perpendicular; seen when imaging through the rectus muscles of the abdominal wall

A

refraction

99
Q

caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes

A

reverberation

100
Q

seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other fluid filled structures

A

reverberation

101
Q

artifact that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure

A

ring-down artifact

102
Q

seen emanating from gas bubbles within the abdomen; can help to identify the presence of air in a structure, such as in the case of pneumobilia

A

ring-down artifact

103
Q

caused by attenuation of the sound beam; seen posterior to bone, and calculi like gallstones and renal stones

A

shadowing

104
Q

caused by the sounds beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam

A

side lobes

105
Q

seen as low level echoes within fluid, mimicking sludge debris, or pus within a fluid-filled structure like the gallbladder

A

side lobes

106
Q

caused by compression from 3D to 2D images

A

slice thickness

107
Q

simulates false echoes that could resemble sludge or debris in the urinary bladder or gallbladder

A

slice thickness

108
Q

What could an absent Doppler signal mean?

A

low gain
low frequency
high wall filter
too high velocity scale

109
Q

occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the Doppler frequency shift

A

aliasing

110
Q

caused by inappropriately high Doppler settings

A

Doppler Noise

111
Q

caused by the sound beam striking a vessel at a 90 degree angle, producing an area void of color

A

Flow directional abnormalities

112
Q

occurs behind strong, granular, and irregular surfaces like crystals, calculi, or calcifications

A

twinkle artifact

113
Q

useful in identifying small kidney or biliary stones

A

twinkle artifact

114
Q

supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and WBCs and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood

A

Cardiovascular system

115
Q

Organs or structures of the cardiovascular system

A

arteries and arterioles
capillaries
heart
veins and venules

116
Q

provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage, and the excretion of waste

A

digestive system

117
Q

organs or structures of the digestive system

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas
esophagus
mouth
small and large bowel
stomach

118
Q

involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions.

A

endocrine system

119
Q

organs or structures of the endocrine system

A

adrenal glands
liver
ovaries
pancreas
parathyroid glands
pineal gland
pituitary gland
testicles
thyroid gland

120
Q

secretes hormones or juices through ducts

A

exocrine system

121
Q

organs or struvtures of the exocrine system

A

breast
pancreas
salivary glands
liver

122
Q

collection and transportation of excess fluid, absorption of fats, and immune response

A

lymphatic system

123
Q

organs or structures of lymphatic system

A

adenoids
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus gland
tonsils

124
Q

provides the structural support system for the body

A

musculoskeletal system

125
Q

organs or structures of the musculoskeletal system

A

cartilage
connective tissue
joints
ligaments
muscles
tendons

126
Q
A

Sonographic Topics (35 decks)

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