Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards
a condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is decreased
anemia
drug therapy in which anticoagulant medications are given to a patient to slow down the rate at which that patient’s blood clots
anticoagulation therapy
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity
ascites
the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
chromaffin cells
the information gathered by obtaining a clinical history
clinical findings
a patient’s signs and symptoms, pertinent illnesses, past surgeries, laboratory findings, and the results of other diagnostic testing
clinical history
disorders that result from the body’s inability to coagulate or form blood clots; also referred to as bleeding disorders
coagulopathies
ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes electronic beam steering of the transducer array in order to obtain many overlapping scans from varying angles, thus improving image resolution and reducing artifacts; also referred to as compound spatial imaging
compound imaging ultrasound
an imaging modality that uses x-ray to obtain cross-sectional images of the body in multiple planes; also referred to as CT or computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)
computed tomography
a sonographic technique employed to evaluate tissue based on stiffness
elastography
a means of looking inside of the human body using an endoscope
endoscopy
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer
exudate ascites
a distinctive line seen within a cyst representing the layering of two different fluid densities
fluid-fluid level
hormone produced by the stomach lining that is used to regulate the release of digestive acid
gastrin
ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes a nonlinear propagation of ultrasound as it travels through the body in order to improve axial and lateral resolution and reduce imaging artifacts; also referred to as tissue harmonic imaging
harmonics imaging
a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood
hematocrit
the body’s ability or tendency to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiologic processes
homeostasis
a condition that results from the over production of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
a condition that results from the underproduction of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
located within the lumen or opening of an organ or structure
intraluminal
located within the parietal peritoneum
intraperitoneal
cancer that causes lesions to develop on the skin and other places; often associated with AIDS
Kaposi-sarcoma
an elevated white blood cell count
leukocytosis
disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
buildup of lymph that is most likely caused by the obstruction of lymph drainage
lymphedema
imaging modality that uses magnetic waves to obtain images of the human body in various planes
magnetic resonance imaging
the displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor
mass effect
the space between the liver and the right kidney; referred to as the posterior right subhepatic space
Morison Pouch
having many cavities
multiloculated
small solid internal projections of tissue originating from the wall of a cyst
mural nodules
hospital-acquired infections
nosocomial infections
a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs or for the treatment of various abnormalities
nuclear medicine
hidden
occult
large cells of glandular origin
oncocytes
a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons
paracentesis
the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
parietal peritoneum
endocrine gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin
pineal gland
a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, joints, organs, and some other soft tissue structures
radiography
posterior to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
fluid that is secreted by the serous membranes to reduce friction in the peritoneal and other cavities of the body
serosal fluid
objective proof of a disease such as abnormal laboratory findings and fever
signs
information gathered by performing a sonographic examination
sonographic findings
the space between the urinary bladder and the pubic bone; also referred to as the retropubic space
space of Retzius
a gel pad that is used to provide some distance between the transducer face and the skin surface, allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly
standoff pad
any subjective evidence of a disease such as nausea, weakness, or numbness
symptoms
a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
thoracentesis
gland of the immune and lymphatic system located in the chest
thymus gland
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis
transudate ascites
biomarkers found in blood, urine, or other body tissues that elevate in response to cancer
tumor markers
having a single cavity
unilocular
the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ
visceral peritoneum
enlargement of an organ
visceromegaly
a radiographic examination used to evaluate the lower urinary tract, where a contrast agent is instilled into the urinary bladder by means of uretheral catheterization
voiding cystourethrogram
a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper
Wilson’s disease
toward the front of the body or the front of a body part
anterior
on the opposite side of the body
contralateral
away from the surface of the body or structure
deep
farther away from the point of attachment or origin of an extremity to the trunk of the body
distal
toward the feet or away from the head; a structure that is lower than another part of the body; the lower part of an organ or structure
inferior (caudal)
on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
away from the midline of the body or pertaining to the side, situated at or on the side
lateral
toward the middle (midline) of the body or orgain
medial
toward the back or behind another structure
posterior (dorsal)
toward the origin of an attachment of a structure to the trunk
proximal
closer to the surface of the body or structure
superficial
toward the head or higher in the body
superior (cranial, cephalic)
without echoes
anechoic
having both cystic and solid components
complex
structure that produces echoes; comparative term
echogenic
of differing composition
heterogenous
of uniform composition
homogenous
having many echoes
hyperechoic
having few echoes
hypoechoic
having the same echogenicitiy
isoechoic
Normal body temperature
98.6 degrees
normal adult pulse
60-100 beats/min
normal adult blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
normal adult respiration
12-20 breaths/min
The cycle of infection
reservoir
exit from reservoir
vehicle of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
place on which or in which organisms grow and reproduce
reservoir
escape route for organisms
exit from reservoir
means by which organisms are carried about
vehicle of transmission
part of body where organisms enter
portal of entry
person whose body cannot fight off organisms once it enters the body and who therefore usually becomes ill
susceptible host
A sterile field ends at the level of ______
tabletop
_____ of a sterile gown are not considered sterile.
cuffs
If one sterile person must pass another, they must pass ______
back to back
occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a non perpendicular manner, resulting in a loss of the true echogenicity of the structure; may occur when imaging tendons
anisotropy
caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces; seen with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder
comet-tail
caused by air or bowel gas; most often seen emanating from bowel; may be seen posterior to gas within an abscess
dirty shadowing
reflective or refractive effect seen deep to the margins of a round structure that has a significantly different speed of sound compared to surrounding tissue; may be termed refractive shadowing
edge shadowing
often seen from cystic structures and appears as narrow shadow lines originating at the edge of these structures
edge shadowing
produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper that the correct location
mirror image
seen posterior to the liver and diaphragm, can also be seen in Doppler modes as well
mirror image
produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or a fluid filled structure; may occasionally be referred to as through transmission
posterior acoustic enhancement
seen posterior to fluid filled structures such as the gallbladder and renal cysts, Also seen with pleural effusion and ascites
posterior acoustic enhancement
caused by the bending of the ultrasound beam when it passes through an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of the approach is not perpendicular; seen when imaging through the rectus muscles of the abdominal wall
refraction
caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
reverberation
seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other fluid filled structures
reverberation
artifact that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure
ring-down artifact
seen emanating from gas bubbles within the abdomen; can help to identify the presence of air in a structure, such as in the case of pneumobilia
ring-down artifact
caused by attenuation of the sound beam; seen posterior to bone, and calculi like gallstones and renal stones
shadowing
caused by the sounds beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam
side lobes
seen as low level echoes within fluid, mimicking sludge debris, or pus within a fluid-filled structure like the gallbladder
side lobes
caused by compression from 3D to 2D images
slice thickness
simulates false echoes that could resemble sludge or debris in the urinary bladder or gallbladder
slice thickness
What could an absent Doppler signal mean?
low gain
low frequency
high wall filter
too high velocity scale
occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the Doppler frequency shift
aliasing
caused by inappropriately high Doppler settings
Doppler Noise
caused by the sound beam striking a vessel at a 90 degree angle, producing an area void of color
Flow directional abnormalities
occurs behind strong, granular, and irregular surfaces like crystals, calculi, or calcifications
twinkle artifact
useful in identifying small kidney or biliary stones
twinkle artifact
supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and WBCs and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood
Cardiovascular system
Organs or structures of the cardiovascular system
arteries and arterioles
capillaries
heart
veins and venules
provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage, and the excretion of waste
digestive system
organs or structures of the digestive system
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
esophagus
mouth
small and large bowel
stomach
involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions.
endocrine system
organs or structures of the endocrine system
adrenal glands
liver
ovaries
pancreas
parathyroid glands
pineal gland
pituitary gland
testicles
thyroid gland
secretes hormones or juices through ducts
exocrine system
organs or struvtures of the exocrine system
breast
pancreas
salivary glands
liver
collection and transportation of excess fluid, absorption of fats, and immune response
lymphatic system
organs or structures of lymphatic system
adenoids
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus gland
tonsils
provides the structural support system for the body
musculoskeletal system
organs or structures of the musculoskeletal system
cartilage
connective tissue
joints
ligaments
muscles
tendons
