Antibodies (not finished, need Elisa test)

Question 1

What protein structure is an antibody

Answer 1

Quanternary

Question 2

What is Agglutination

Answer 2

Groups of antibodies agglutinate (clump together) the pathogens making them easier to locate and stimulate phagocytosis

Question 3

Why are antibodies only effective against a specific antigen

Answer 3

Antibodies each contain specific 3D tertiary structure at the variable region
Antibody will form antibody-antigen complex with complementary antigen

Question 4

How are monoclonal antibodies produced

Answer 4

Expose mouse to non self material you need antibody for
Mouse B cells produce mix of antibodies extracted from spleen
Mix B cells that will divide outside the body
Detergent added to break cell membranes and fuse cells into hybridoma cells
Culture each different hybridoma and test clone for required antibody
Clones producing required antibody cloned on large scale and antibodies are extracted

Question 5

What antibody region is the same for all antibodies

Answer 5

Constant region

Question 6

What is the antigen binding site called

Answer 6

Variable region

Question 7

What does the hinge region allow

Answer 7

Flexibility to bind to multiple antigens

Question 8

What is the bottom and top of the antigen called

Answer 8

Heavy chain (bottom)
Light chain(top)

Question 9

What shape is an antigen

Answer 9

Y

Question 10

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy

Answer 10

Human Chorionic Gonadatrophin (hCG) is produced in placenta and secretes in mothers urine. Monoclonal antibodies are linked to coloured particles, if they fit an hCG - antibody complex, a coloured line will occur on the test

Question 11

Ethical use of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 11

Have been used to successfully treat numerous diseases
Production involves mice, can cause cancer in mice, animal testing ethics
Tests safety of new drugs