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history > 9: social developments to 1914 > Flashcards

9: social developments to 1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what swelled the urban population in russias major cities

A

arrival of new large factories, growing numbers of smaller workshops

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2
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many factory workers 1900 and 1913

A

2 million- 6 million 1913

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3
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did the empires urban poplation quadruple between 1867 and n1917

A

influx of peasants looking for work in the cities

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4
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did some peasants settle only temporarlily

A

retained their land and returned to their villages to help out their families for harvest

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5
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many people living in St Pt by 1914 were peasantsa by birth

A

3/4

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6
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did a peasants atmosphere surround the workers quarters in the city

A

livestock roamed the streets are there were numerous outdoor peasant markets, including one of red square

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7
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how were facilities inadequate

A
  • workers lived in overcorwded abd dirty barracks owned by factory workers
  • ate in canteen and washed in communal bathrooms
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8
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what percentage of houses in st pt at turn of century had no running water/ sewage system

A

40%

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9
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why is it unsurprsising that 30000 inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-09

A

excrement set in piles in back yards and collected by wooden carts at night

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10
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did rents reamin high despite awful conditions

A

demand for work and accomodation high

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11
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what did workers wages vary according to

A

whether unskilled/skilled, occupation followed, amount of overtime put in or amount deducted in fines

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12
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why were amogst lowest paid

A

women

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13
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: when were conditions at their worst

A

industrial depression of 1900-08

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14
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to workers wages when industry began to revive

A

failed to keep pace with inflation

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15
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were normal factory hours reduced to by 1914

A

10 hours

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16
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did education spread

A

85% rise in primary education 1905-1914

gov promoted development of technical schools and unis

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17
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were inadequacies of education

A

investment in education far less than in railways and only 55% children in full time education by 1914

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18
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what was it easy for towns and cities to become breeding places for

A

political discontent

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19
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why was poltiical activism comparatively rare before 1905

A

strike activity illegal and secret police efficient

relatively small number of workers and own desperation to get and retain jobs

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20
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did workers at lena goldfields in siberia go on strike in 1912

A

better wages and conditions

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21
Q

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to lena goldfields strikers

A

troops sent in 270 killed and 250 injured

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22
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did conditions for peasant gamers not improve substantially

A

Strip farming persisted on 90% land and still widespread rural poverty

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23
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did gap between richest and poorest sections of peasantry become wider

A

Wealthier peasant entrepreneurs/kulaks took advantage of less favoured and bought out impoverished neighbours

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24
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why were increasing numbers forced to leave their farms

A

Join bands of migrants labourers looking for seasonal farming work/industrial employment

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25
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did a minority emigrate to Siberia

A

Encouraged by gov schemes from 1896 to sponsor emigration from over populated rural south and west to new agricultural settlements

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26
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how successful was gov drive to emigrate to Siberia

A

3.5 million/97 million went and scheme inadequate to alleviate pressure of growing population on resources

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27
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how did living standards vary in different parts of country

A
  • more prosperous commercial farming in peripheral regions

- continuation of nobles landowning and backward farming methods mainly concentrated in Russian heartland

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28
Q

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: who tended to be better out of state peasants or privately owned serves

A

State peasants

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29
Q

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what were many peasants turned down as unfit for

A

Military service

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30
Q

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: where were mortality rates higher in Russia than

A

Anywhere else in Europe

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31
Q

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: which professions were in short supply

A

Doctors and teachers

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32
Q

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was education like

A

Few received more than basic elementary education

1914 still around 60% illiteracy

33
Q

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was unblemished despite remaining at bottom of social ladder

A

Sense of community and loyalty to church and tsar

34
Q

social divisions: what did society become as economic changes were underway

A

more complex

35
Q

social divisions: what was the most marked social feature

A

the continuing division between a small upper stratum of nobility and the broad mass of peasantry

36
Q

the nobility: how did some nobles thrive despite their position suffering as a whole after emancipation

A

some thrived on favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation

37
Q

the nobility: what did others serve in which allowed them to retain former influence

A

gov office or with strong military

38
Q

the nobility: what proportion of nobles land was transferred to townsmen/peasants between 1861-1905

A

one third

39
Q

the nobility: how did nobles struggle economically

A

-struggled to meet debts, failed to understand modern money management, investment for future and need to adjust living standards accordingly

40
Q

the nobility: why weren’t nobles incomes substantially harmed

A

no re distributive taxation or attacks on landed wealth

41
Q

the nobility: how did nicholas view nobility

A

encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within local zemstva retained

42
Q

the nobility: what were nobility regularly appointed to

A

provincial governorships and vice governorships

43
Q

the nobility: what had its own noble assembly

A

each province and district of the empire, met once a year

44
Q

the nobility: when did first meeting of united nobility take place

A

may 1906

45
Q

middle classes: what was traditional legal structure of Russia challenged by

A

emergence of middle stratum that expanded as pace of economic change quickened

46
Q

middle classes: which people were able to carve out comfortable lives for themselves

A

new business and professional men

47
Q

middle classes: how was there social mobility

A

nobles sons chose to join the business world/those of peasant stock rose through hard work and enterprise to join ranks of middle management

48
Q

middle classes: why did the group grow in force

A

as management and professional positions became more in demand in the increasingly complex industrialising society

49
Q

middle classes: where were there plenty of opportunities for enterprising

A

within industrialising regions and in development of Russia’s infrastructure

50
Q

middle classes: growth of what also fuelled growing middle class

A

growth of education and demand for more administrators

51
Q

middle classes: where did growing middle classes find their natural home

A

on councils of zemstva and in town and state dumas

52
Q

workers and peasantry: what most affected workers and peasantry

A

population growth and economic development

53
Q

workers and peasantry: what awakening of the peasants was underway by 1914

A

awakening peasantry from their inertia to political activism

54
Q

workers and peasantry: what were most peasant protests before 1914 the result of

A

failed harvest/unfair land allocation

55
Q

workers and peasantry: what would complete awakening of peasants to political activism

A

exceptional conditions of war

56
Q

workers and peasantry: how did former peasants in urban areas alienate their families and roots

A

lost something of their former identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity sharing grievances

57
Q

workers and peasantry: how could it be justified to say that one of the gravest mistaken of the tsarist gov was to fail to respond effectively to effects of social change in the cities

A

was from large and discontented urban working class that impetus to overthrow regime in 1917 would eventually come

58
Q

workers and peasantry: what did former peasants in urban areas become an easy target for

A

political agitators

59
Q

cultural changes: how did fundamental patriarchal structure of society remain in 1914

A

ties of family and household predominated

60
Q

cultural changes: what brought new opportunities and aspirations for woemn

A

economic and political developments

61
Q

cultural changes: what did educational opportunities grow from 1900 despite

A

AIII and NII trying to cut back on womens educational opportunities

62
Q

cultural changes: how did greater numbers of women find increased independence

A

factory work

63
Q

cultural changes: when was first all russian congress of women

A

December 1908

64
Q

cultural changes: who attended first all russian congress of women and what did it campaign for

A

1035 delegates and it campaigned for a female franchise

65
Q

cultural changes: what did gov expenditure on primary education grow from 1896 to 1914

A

5 million roubles to over 82 million by 1914

66
Q

cultural changes: how many children ages 8-11 were receiving primary education by 1911 and what proportion of these were girls

A

over 6.5 million

only a third were girls

67
Q

cultural changes: what % illiteracy was there in 1914

A

40%

68
Q

cultural changes: what did a basic level of education help to increase

A

a sense of self worth among the literate

69
Q

cultural changes: why did number of books and publication proliferate

A

popular press boomed after 1905

70
Q

cultural changes: what did secondary and higher education remain

A

elitist

71
Q

cultural changes: number of uni students 1860-1914

A

5000-69,000

72
Q

cultural changes: what did more serious writers and artists use their art forms to address

A

problems in russian society

73
Q

cultural changes: what did Anton Chekhov produce and what tradition did he continue

A

a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s until his death in 1904
continued realist tradition of Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1860s and 1870s

74
Q

cultural changes: what did relaxation of censorship controls from 1905 produce

A

silver age of russian culture

75
Q

cultural changes: what was silver age of culture dominated by

A

poets

76
Q

cultural changes: examples of experiments in modernism

A
  • Igor Stravinsky’s music
  • Serge Diaghilev’s ballets
  • Marc Chagalls pictures
  • Kazimir Malevich’s paintings
77
Q

cultural changes: what challenges did experiments in modernism pose

A

to convention and showed that russia was culturally as much a part of modern world as its more advanced economic neighbours

78
Q

cultural changes: what had russian culture broadened and diversified to encompass by 1914

A

a much wider groups than the intelligentsia elites

79
Q

cultural changes: in what sense was russian culture and behaviour seen to exhibit little change

A
  • 1913 tercentenary year of Romanov dynasty
  • Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate permanency of Romanov’s
  • encouraging wearing of Muscovite costumes and Orthodox

history (44 decks)

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