9: social developments to 1914 Flashcards
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what swelled the urban population in russias major cities
arrival of new large factories, growing numbers of smaller workshops
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many factory workers 1900 and 1913
2 million- 6 million 1913
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did the empires urban poplation quadruple between 1867 and n1917
influx of peasants looking for work in the cities
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did some peasants settle only temporarlily
retained their land and returned to their villages to help out their families for harvest
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many people living in St Pt by 1914 were peasantsa by birth
3/4
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did a peasants atmosphere surround the workers quarters in the city
livestock roamed the streets are there were numerous outdoor peasant markets, including one of red square
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how were facilities inadequate
- workers lived in overcorwded abd dirty barracks owned by factory workers
- ate in canteen and washed in communal bathrooms
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what percentage of houses in st pt at turn of century had no running water/ sewage system
40%
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why is it unsurprsising that 30000 inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-09
excrement set in piles in back yards and collected by wooden carts at night
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did rents reamin high despite awful conditions
demand for work and accomodation high
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what did workers wages vary according to
whether unskilled/skilled, occupation followed, amount of overtime put in or amount deducted in fines
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why were amogst lowest paid
women
developments in working and living conditions in towns: when were conditions at their worst
industrial depression of 1900-08
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to workers wages when industry began to revive
failed to keep pace with inflation
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were normal factory hours reduced to by 1914
10 hours
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did education spread
85% rise in primary education 1905-1914
gov promoted development of technical schools and unis
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were inadequacies of education
investment in education far less than in railways and only 55% children in full time education by 1914
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what was it easy for towns and cities to become breeding places for
political discontent
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why was poltiical activism comparatively rare before 1905
strike activity illegal and secret police efficient
relatively small number of workers and own desperation to get and retain jobs
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did workers at lena goldfields in siberia go on strike in 1912
better wages and conditions
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to lena goldfields strikers
troops sent in 270 killed and 250 injured
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did conditions for peasant gamers not improve substantially
Strip farming persisted on 90% land and still widespread rural poverty
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did gap between richest and poorest sections of peasantry become wider
Wealthier peasant entrepreneurs/kulaks took advantage of less favoured and bought out impoverished neighbours
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why were increasing numbers forced to leave their farms
Join bands of migrants labourers looking for seasonal farming work/industrial employment
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did a minority emigrate to Siberia
Encouraged by gov schemes from 1896 to sponsor emigration from over populated rural south and west to new agricultural settlements
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how successful was gov drive to emigrate to Siberia
3.5 million/97 million went and scheme inadequate to alleviate pressure of growing population on resources
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how did living standards vary in different parts of country
- more prosperous commercial farming in peripheral regions
- continuation of nobles landowning and backward farming methods mainly concentrated in Russian heartland
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: who tended to be better out of state peasants or privately owned serves
State peasants
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what were many peasants turned down as unfit for
Military service
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: where were mortality rates higher in Russia than
Anywhere else in Europe
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: which professions were in short supply
Doctors and teachers
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was education like
Few received more than basic elementary education
1914 still around 60% illiteracy
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was unblemished despite remaining at bottom of social ladder
Sense of community and loyalty to church and tsar
social divisions: what did society become as economic changes were underway
more complex
social divisions: what was the most marked social feature
the continuing division between a small upper stratum of nobility and the broad mass of peasantry
the nobility: how did some nobles thrive despite their position suffering as a whole after emancipation
some thrived on favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation
the nobility: what did others serve in which allowed them to retain former influence
gov office or with strong military
the nobility: what proportion of nobles land was transferred to townsmen/peasants between 1861-1905
one third
the nobility: how did nobles struggle economically
-struggled to meet debts, failed to understand modern money management, investment for future and need to adjust living standards accordingly
the nobility: why weren’t nobles incomes substantially harmed
no re distributive taxation or attacks on landed wealth
the nobility: how did nicholas view nobility
encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within local zemstva retained
the nobility: what were nobility regularly appointed to
provincial governorships and vice governorships
the nobility: what had its own noble assembly
each province and district of the empire, met once a year
the nobility: when did first meeting of united nobility take place
may 1906
middle classes: what was traditional legal structure of Russia challenged by
emergence of middle stratum that expanded as pace of economic change quickened
middle classes: which people were able to carve out comfortable lives for themselves
new business and professional men
middle classes: how was there social mobility
nobles sons chose to join the business world/those of peasant stock rose through hard work and enterprise to join ranks of middle management
middle classes: why did the group grow in force
as management and professional positions became more in demand in the increasingly complex industrialising society
middle classes: where were there plenty of opportunities for enterprising
within industrialising regions and in development of Russia’s infrastructure
middle classes: growth of what also fuelled growing middle class
growth of education and demand for more administrators
middle classes: where did growing middle classes find their natural home
on councils of zemstva and in town and state dumas
workers and peasantry: what most affected workers and peasantry
population growth and economic development
workers and peasantry: what awakening of the peasants was underway by 1914
awakening peasantry from their inertia to political activism
workers and peasantry: what were most peasant protests before 1914 the result of
failed harvest/unfair land allocation
workers and peasantry: what would complete awakening of peasants to political activism
exceptional conditions of war
workers and peasantry: how did former peasants in urban areas alienate their families and roots
lost something of their former identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity sharing grievances
workers and peasantry: how could it be justified to say that one of the gravest mistaken of the tsarist gov was to fail to respond effectively to effects of social change in the cities
was from large and discontented urban working class that impetus to overthrow regime in 1917 would eventually come
workers and peasantry: what did former peasants in urban areas become an easy target for
political agitators
cultural changes: how did fundamental patriarchal structure of society remain in 1914
ties of family and household predominated
cultural changes: what brought new opportunities and aspirations for woemn
economic and political developments
cultural changes: what did educational opportunities grow from 1900 despite
AIII and NII trying to cut back on womens educational opportunities
cultural changes: how did greater numbers of women find increased independence
factory work
cultural changes: when was first all russian congress of women
December 1908
cultural changes: who attended first all russian congress of women and what did it campaign for
1035 delegates and it campaigned for a female franchise
cultural changes: what did gov expenditure on primary education grow from 1896 to 1914
5 million roubles to over 82 million by 1914
cultural changes: how many children ages 8-11 were receiving primary education by 1911 and what proportion of these were girls
over 6.5 million
only a third were girls
cultural changes: what % illiteracy was there in 1914
40%
cultural changes: what did a basic level of education help to increase
a sense of self worth among the literate
cultural changes: why did number of books and publication proliferate
popular press boomed after 1905
cultural changes: what did secondary and higher education remain
elitist
cultural changes: number of uni students 1860-1914
5000-69,000
cultural changes: what did more serious writers and artists use their art forms to address
problems in russian society
cultural changes: what did Anton Chekhov produce and what tradition did he continue
a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s until his death in 1904
continued realist tradition of Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1860s and 1870s
cultural changes: what did relaxation of censorship controls from 1905 produce
silver age of russian culture
cultural changes: what was silver age of culture dominated by
poets
cultural changes: examples of experiments in modernism
- Igor Stravinsky’s music
- Serge Diaghilev’s ballets
- Marc Chagalls pictures
- Kazimir Malevich’s paintings
cultural changes: what challenges did experiments in modernism pose
to convention and showed that russia was culturally as much a part of modern world as its more advanced economic neighbours
cultural changes: what had russian culture broadened and diversified to encompass by 1914
a much wider groups than the intelligentsia elites
cultural changes: in what sense was russian culture and behaviour seen to exhibit little change
- 1913 tercentenary year of Romanov dynasty
- Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate permanency of Romanov’s
- encouraging wearing of Muscovite costumes and Orthodox
