7. The Social And Cultural Impact Of WW1 BRT Flashcards
Women’s role: in which 2 ways did war need women
Both in larger numbers and in new kinds of work
Women’s role: how many men of working age were taken out of the economy into the armed forces
6 million men
Women’s role: how many women entered workforce
1 million
Women’s role: how many women switched from peacetime to wartime jobs
250,000
Women’s role: what percentage of total workforce did women make up by 1918
A third
Women’s role: what percentage of workforce in shell factories was female by late 1918
80%
Women’s role: what did number of female employees increase by 1914-18
18,000-117,000
Women’s role: what did number of women employees in banking and finance increase by
600%
Women’s role: which traditionally all male industries were women in by the end of the war
Shipbuilding and engineering
Women’s role: what did middle class women replace men in
Administrative jobs and entered nursing
Women’s role: 3 organisations for women front line duties
- women’s royal naval service
- women’s auxiliary army corps
- women’s Royal Air Force
Women’s role: how many women were serving in auxiliary services by 1918
150000
Women’s role: how did women serve in auxiliary services
Clerks, drivers, wireless operators, mechanics and fitters
Women’s role: how did war work bring new working conditions for women
Work in munitions factories dirty and dangerous
Women’s role: what were the dangers of working in muntitions
-many killed or injured in shell factory explosions and more than 100 died from handling poisonous chemicals
Women’s role: how did war work put a strain on family life
Women often worked long hours and had to accept shift work
Women’s role: advantage of war Work
Better paid that domestic service
Results of the war for women: what did their contribution to war challenge
The dominant Victorian view that women were passive, weak creatures whose only role lay in the home
Results of the war for women: why did women earn more
Full employment and overtime pay rates
Results of the war for women: what did many Young middle class women experience for the first time
Financial independence from fathers and husbands
Results of the war for women: what did the sex disqualification act state
That women could no longer be barred from a career in law or civil service on the basis of their gender
Results of the war for women: what did the sex disqualification act open up in 1919
The civil service, local gov and jury service to women
Results of the war for women: how did changes in women’s fashions symbolise a new freedom for women
Shorter skirts and hairstyles
Results of the war for women: what were women’s responsibilities still portrayed as during the war
Keeping the home fires burning, brining up the children and for nursing the wounded
Results of the war for women: how many domestic servant were there in 1918 despite it falling 400000 during war
1.2 million
Results of the war for women: which key occupations were women still excluded from
Coal mining and dock work
Results of the war for women: how were women treated unfairly where they did do the same work as men
They didn’t always receive the same pay
Results of the war for women: what was the increase in women workers seen as, rather than a permanent social change
Seen as a transitory, emergency measure
Results of the war for women: what did many women return to after 1918
Pre war jobs or their homes
Results of the war for women: what was the percentage of women in the total workforce in 1921 similar to
What it had been in 1911
The reform of the franchise: how was the war critical for the overcoming of objections
Of those who believed women shouldn’t vote/who felt that allowing any significant female suffrage was giving into violence
Also overcame last remaining objections to full voting rights for men
The reform of the franchise: why was reform necessary
Gov planned a wartime election
Soldiers not able to vote until existing rules as they weren’t resident householders
The reform of the franchise: what did the 1918 representation of the people act increase the electorate by
Triple
The reform of the franchise: which men became allowed to vote
All men over age of 21
The reform of the franchise: which men got the vote for the next general election
Men over age of 19 who had seen active service in war
The reform of the franchise: which women got right to vote
Women over 30 if they were a member/married to a member of local gov register, a graduate voting in uni election or property owner
The reform of the franchise: what did younger working class women not get vote despite
Then being most active in war Work
The reform of the franchise: when were women finally enfranchised in same terms as men
1928
Unions and labour: why did the war give the trade unions extra bargaining power
Due to the huge demand for extra workers
Unions and labour: how did the trade unions exercise their extra bargaining power
Through their trade union congress
Unions and labour: how did the unions on the whole cooperate with the gov
In banning strikes in essential war industry and accepting dilution and conscription
Unions and labour: what did the 1918 Labour Party constitution give unions
A key role in the party
The miners strike of 1921: when did gov control of coal mines end
March 1921
The miners strike of 1921: how did the miners feel about the govs refusal to nationalise the coal mines
Deceived betrayed and duped
The miners strike of 1921: why did mine owners cut wage and extend hours
To compete with foreign coal imports
The miners strike of 1921: why did the high levels of unemployment allow mine owners to cut wages
Miners had no alternative jobs to go to
The miners strike of 1921: when did the national miners strike begin
1 April 1921
The miners strike of 1921: why did national miners strike have potential to escalate into a general strike
Railwaymen and transport workers backed the miners
The miners strike of 1921: how did gov react to threat of general strike
All leave stopped for members of armed forces and they declared a state of emergency
The miners strike of 1921: why did the triple alliance become the cripple alliance
LG stepped in and managed to split them
Railway men and transport workers backed down in Black Friday
The miners strike of 1921: how did miners react to cripple alliance
Went on strike alone until 1 July
The miners strike of 1921: what cuts did the miners have to accept when they went back to Work
Pay cuts that left their wages 20% lower than in 1914
cultural change: what did war challenge many of society’s beliefs in
behaviour, morality and religious practice
cultural change: how was the relaxation of stuffy Victorian society evidenced
increased social mobility and changes in womens political and social positions during and after war
cultural change: how were class divisions still evident in women during ar
working class girls went mainly into munitions
middle class girls more into nursing and admin
cultural change: what remained clear cut in the armed forces
class divisons between officers and men
cultural change: what was there more social levelling in that between working and middle classes
within working class itself
cultural change: what effect did the terrible death toll of the war have
it created a common bond of suffering and loss that ran across all social classes
cultural change: how was the common bond created by suffering later expressed
war memorials and rituals of remembrance
cultural change: why were thousands of chaplains needed in the war
for the armed forces, to cater for the spiritual and religious needs of the vast armies
cultural change: why were churchmen in demand
to conduct religious services, preach supportive sermons and carry out burial services
cultural change: why did the war also provide a challenge to the Christian churches
some found it hard to justify the slaughter on the wester front or to reconcile this with faith in god
cultural change: what ther beliefs than religious were undermined
secular
cultural change: which secular views were especially undermined
that progress was both inevitable and beneficial
cultural change: how did the war challenge cultural assumptions about the superiority of western civilisation
for 4 years the supposedly most civilised countries on earth had waged an increasingly barbarous war against each other
cultural change: what strengthened the idea of anti imperialism and anti colonialism
the weakened assumptions about the innate superiority of European values
cultural change: what did many artists embrace
modernism
cultural change: what did modernism reject
the values that had been so destructive
cultural change: what culture did war create within the arts
one that rejected the war and the society that had allowed it to happen
issues of patriotism and COs: what did the outbreak of war case a wave of
patriotism across all European countries
issues of patriotism and COs: how had patriotism been fed in britian since the start of the century
literature, newspapers and in the music halls
issues of patriotism and COs: which events before 1914 has fed nationalist feeling and promoted the idea that Germany was the enemy
the arms race, particularly the naval race
issues of patriotism and COs: what did recruitment posters play on when the war started
the patriotic duty that all men had to sign up to fight for king and country
issues of patriotism and COs: how many men had signed up by the end of 1914
one million
issues of patriotism and COs: how many men volunteered to fight altogether
2.5 million
issues of patriotism and COs: why did patriotism remain a key theme for gov propaganda
it sought to encourage industrial activity and urge people to conserve resources/request war loans
issues of patriotism and COs: which key symbols of brtain were used to remind people of the strength and importance of britain
john bull, british bulldog or britannia
issues of patriotism and COs: why was conscription introduced in 1916
large numbers of men who signed up were still not enough to maintain numbers on front
issues of patriotism and COs: what did the pacifist members of the No Conscription Fellowshup successfully campaign
to secure the conscience clause in 1916 conscription act
issues of patriotism and COs: when was NCF set up
1915
issues of patriotism and COs: what did conscience clause mean
that men had the right to claim exemption from military service
issues of patriotism and COs: religious reasons for COs refusing to fight
quakers believed in pacifism
issues of patriotism and COs: political reasons for COs refusing to fight
activist on left saw war as an imperialist war and an example of ruling class making a war that workers had to fight
issues of patriotism and COs: moral reaons for COs refusing to fight
some felt it wrong to kill because they considered human life to be sacred
issues of patriotism and COs: why did COs have to go to local tribunals
to give reasons for being a CO
issues of patriotism and COs: what happened if COs reasons not accepted at tribunal
sent to front
issues of patriotism and COs: how did those who sat on tribunals usually view COs
generally unsympathetic, especially to those objecting on polticial beliefs
issues of patriotism and COs: how many COs agreed to do some war work for gov that didn’t involve fighting
10,000/16,000
issues of patriotism and COs: what war work did COs carry out
ambulance driving
issues of patriotism and COs: what were the COs called that didn’t want any involvement with war and what happened to them
absolutists
imprisoned
issues of patriotism and COs: how many arrested
6312
issues of patriotism and COs: how many COs court-martialled and imprisoned
5970
issues of patriotism and COs: how were conchies seen to public
unpatriotic and cowardly
issues of patriotism and COs: why did women give conchies white feather
sign of cowardice
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what was western front
complex line of opposing trenches that stretched 800m from sea on Belgian coast to swiss border
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what were the trenches supposed to do
provide protection from machine guns and artillery
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what did a major attack consist of
beginning with artillery barrage followed by attacking troops going over the top
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what dangers did soldiers face when going over top
death, poison gas, shrapnel and shells from artillery
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: why were living conditions appalling in trenches
mud, lice, rats, rotting corpses and poor sanitation
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how many men were killed out of 6 million serving in armed forces
750,000
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how many men wounded out of 6 million serving in armed forces
2 million
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what kind of mental battles did men have to face when returning from war
- shell shock from trauma
- -many found it difficult to talk about their experiences
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: phyiscla trauma men suffered
disfigurement or loss of limbs
effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how did many artists, writers and poets convey horror of war
in ways that contested greatly with traditional glorification of war
