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history > 7. The Social And Cultural Impact Of WW1 BRT > Flashcards

7. The Social And Cultural Impact Of WW1 BRT Flashcards

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1
Q

Women’s role: in which 2 ways did war need women

A

Both in larger numbers and in new kinds of work

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2
Q

Women’s role: how many men of working age were taken out of the economy into the armed forces

A

6 million men

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3
Q

Women’s role: how many women entered workforce

A

1 million

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4
Q

Women’s role: how many women switched from peacetime to wartime jobs

A

250,000

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5
Q

Women’s role: what percentage of total workforce did women make up by 1918

A

A third

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6
Q

Women’s role: what percentage of workforce in shell factories was female by late 1918

A

80%

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7
Q

Women’s role: what did number of female employees increase by 1914-18

A

18,000-117,000

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8
Q

Women’s role: what did number of women employees in banking and finance increase by

A

600%

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9
Q

Women’s role: which traditionally all male industries were women in by the end of the war

A

Shipbuilding and engineering

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10
Q

Women’s role: what did middle class women replace men in

A

Administrative jobs and entered nursing

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11
Q

Women’s role: 3 organisations for women front line duties

A
  • women’s royal naval service
  • women’s auxiliary army corps
  • women’s Royal Air Force
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12
Q

Women’s role: how many women were serving in auxiliary services by 1918

A

150000

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13
Q

Women’s role: how did women serve in auxiliary services

A

Clerks, drivers, wireless operators, mechanics and fitters

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14
Q

Women’s role: how did war work bring new working conditions for women

A

Work in munitions factories dirty and dangerous

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15
Q

Women’s role: what were the dangers of working in muntitions

A

-many killed or injured in shell factory explosions and more than 100 died from handling poisonous chemicals

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16
Q

Women’s role: how did war work put a strain on family life

A

Women often worked long hours and had to accept shift work

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17
Q

Women’s role: advantage of war Work

A

Better paid that domestic service

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18
Q

Results of the war for women: what did their contribution to war challenge

A

The dominant Victorian view that women were passive, weak creatures whose only role lay in the home

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19
Q

Results of the war for women: why did women earn more

A

Full employment and overtime pay rates

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20
Q

Results of the war for women: what did many Young middle class women experience for the first time

A

Financial independence from fathers and husbands

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21
Q

Results of the war for women: what did the sex disqualification act state

A

That women could no longer be barred from a career in law or civil service on the basis of their gender

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22
Q

Results of the war for women: what did the sex disqualification act open up in 1919

A

The civil service, local gov and jury service to women

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23
Q

Results of the war for women: how did changes in women’s fashions symbolise a new freedom for women

A

Shorter skirts and hairstyles

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24
Q

Results of the war for women: what were women’s responsibilities still portrayed as during the war

A

Keeping the home fires burning, brining up the children and for nursing the wounded

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25
Q

Results of the war for women: how many domestic servant were there in 1918 despite it falling 400000 during war

A

1.2 million

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26
Q

Results of the war for women: which key occupations were women still excluded from

A

Coal mining and dock work

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27
Q

Results of the war for women: how were women treated unfairly where they did do the same work as men

A

They didn’t always receive the same pay

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28
Q

Results of the war for women: what was the increase in women workers seen as, rather than a permanent social change

A

Seen as a transitory, emergency measure

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29
Q

Results of the war for women: what did many women return to after 1918

A

Pre war jobs or their homes

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30
Q

Results of the war for women: what was the percentage of women in the total workforce in 1921 similar to

A

What it had been in 1911

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31
Q

The reform of the franchise: how was the war critical for the overcoming of objections

A

Of those who believed women shouldn’t vote/who felt that allowing any significant female suffrage was giving into violence

Also overcame last remaining objections to full voting rights for men

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32
Q

The reform of the franchise: why was reform necessary

A

Gov planned a wartime election

Soldiers not able to vote until existing rules as they weren’t resident householders

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33
Q

The reform of the franchise: what did the 1918 representation of the people act increase the electorate by

A

Triple

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34
Q

The reform of the franchise: which men became allowed to vote

A

All men over age of 21

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35
Q

The reform of the franchise: which men got the vote for the next general election

A

Men over age of 19 who had seen active service in war

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36
Q

The reform of the franchise: which women got right to vote

A

Women over 30 if they were a member/married to a member of local gov register, a graduate voting in uni election or property owner

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37
Q

The reform of the franchise: what did younger working class women not get vote despite

A

Then being most active in war Work

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38
Q

The reform of the franchise: when were women finally enfranchised in same terms as men

A

1928

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39
Q

Unions and labour: why did the war give the trade unions extra bargaining power

A

Due to the huge demand for extra workers

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40
Q

Unions and labour: how did the trade unions exercise their extra bargaining power

A

Through their trade union congress

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41
Q

Unions and labour: how did the unions on the whole cooperate with the gov

A

In banning strikes in essential war industry and accepting dilution and conscription

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42
Q

Unions and labour: what did the 1918 Labour Party constitution give unions

A

A key role in the party

43
Q

The miners strike of 1921: when did gov control of coal mines end

A

March 1921

44
Q

The miners strike of 1921: how did the miners feel about the govs refusal to nationalise the coal mines

A

Deceived betrayed and duped

45
Q

The miners strike of 1921: why did mine owners cut wage and extend hours

A

To compete with foreign coal imports

46
Q

The miners strike of 1921: why did the high levels of unemployment allow mine owners to cut wages

A

Miners had no alternative jobs to go to

47
Q

The miners strike of 1921: when did the national miners strike begin

A

1 April 1921

48
Q

The miners strike of 1921: why did national miners strike have potential to escalate into a general strike

A

Railwaymen and transport workers backed the miners

49
Q

The miners strike of 1921: how did gov react to threat of general strike

A

All leave stopped for members of armed forces and they declared a state of emergency

50
Q

The miners strike of 1921: why did the triple alliance become the cripple alliance

A

LG stepped in and managed to split them

Railway men and transport workers backed down in Black Friday

51
Q

The miners strike of 1921: how did miners react to cripple alliance

A

Went on strike alone until 1 July

52
Q

The miners strike of 1921: what cuts did the miners have to accept when they went back to Work

A

Pay cuts that left their wages 20% lower than in 1914

53
Q

cultural change: what did war challenge many of society’s beliefs in

A

behaviour, morality and religious practice

54
Q

cultural change: how was the relaxation of stuffy Victorian society evidenced

A

increased social mobility and changes in womens political and social positions during and after war

55
Q

cultural change: how were class divisions still evident in women during ar

A

working class girls went mainly into munitions

middle class girls more into nursing and admin

56
Q

cultural change: what remained clear cut in the armed forces

A

class divisons between officers and men

57
Q

cultural change: what was there more social levelling in that between working and middle classes

A

within working class itself

58
Q

cultural change: what effect did the terrible death toll of the war have

A

it created a common bond of suffering and loss that ran across all social classes

59
Q

cultural change: how was the common bond created by suffering later expressed

A

war memorials and rituals of remembrance

60
Q

cultural change: why were thousands of chaplains needed in the war

A

for the armed forces, to cater for the spiritual and religious needs of the vast armies

61
Q

cultural change: why were churchmen in demand

A

to conduct religious services, preach supportive sermons and carry out burial services

62
Q

cultural change: why did the war also provide a challenge to the Christian churches

A

some found it hard to justify the slaughter on the wester front or to reconcile this with faith in god

63
Q

cultural change: what ther beliefs than religious were undermined

A

secular

64
Q

cultural change: which secular views were especially undermined

A

that progress was both inevitable and beneficial

65
Q

cultural change: how did the war challenge cultural assumptions about the superiority of western civilisation

A

for 4 years the supposedly most civilised countries on earth had waged an increasingly barbarous war against each other

66
Q

cultural change: what strengthened the idea of anti imperialism and anti colonialism

A

the weakened assumptions about the innate superiority of European values

67
Q

cultural change: what did many artists embrace

A

modernism

68
Q

cultural change: what did modernism reject

A

the values that had been so destructive

69
Q

cultural change: what culture did war create within the arts

A

one that rejected the war and the society that had allowed it to happen

70
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what did the outbreak of war case a wave of

A

patriotism across all European countries

71
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how had patriotism been fed in britian since the start of the century

A

literature, newspapers and in the music halls

72
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: which events before 1914 has fed nationalist feeling and promoted the idea that Germany was the enemy

A

the arms race, particularly the naval race

73
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what did recruitment posters play on when the war started

A

the patriotic duty that all men had to sign up to fight for king and country

74
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how many men had signed up by the end of 1914

A

one million

75
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how many men volunteered to fight altogether

A

2.5 million

76
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: why did patriotism remain a key theme for gov propaganda

A

it sought to encourage industrial activity and urge people to conserve resources/request war loans

77
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: which key symbols of brtain were used to remind people of the strength and importance of britain

A

john bull, british bulldog or britannia

78
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: why was conscription introduced in 1916

A

large numbers of men who signed up were still not enough to maintain numbers on front

79
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what did the pacifist members of the No Conscription Fellowshup successfully campaign

A

to secure the conscience clause in 1916 conscription act

80
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: when was NCF set up

A

1915

81
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what did conscience clause mean

A

that men had the right to claim exemption from military service

82
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: religious reasons for COs refusing to fight

A

quakers believed in pacifism

83
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: political reasons for COs refusing to fight

A

activist on left saw war as an imperialist war and an example of ruling class making a war that workers had to fight

84
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: moral reaons for COs refusing to fight

A

some felt it wrong to kill because they considered human life to be sacred

85
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: why did COs have to go to local tribunals

A

to give reasons for being a CO

86
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what happened if COs reasons not accepted at tribunal

A

sent to front

87
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how did those who sat on tribunals usually view COs

A

generally unsympathetic, especially to those objecting on polticial beliefs

88
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how many COs agreed to do some war work for gov that didn’t involve fighting

A

10,000/16,000

89
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what war work did COs carry out

A

ambulance driving

90
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: what were the COs called that didn’t want any involvement with war and what happened to them

A

absolutists

imprisoned

91
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how many arrested

A

6312

92
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how many COs court-martialled and imprisoned

A

5970

93
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: how were conchies seen to public

A

unpatriotic and cowardly

94
Q

issues of patriotism and COs: why did women give conchies white feather

A

sign of cowardice

95
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what was western front

A

complex line of opposing trenches that stretched 800m from sea on Belgian coast to swiss border

96
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what were the trenches supposed to do

A

provide protection from machine guns and artillery

97
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what did a major attack consist of

A

beginning with artillery barrage followed by attacking troops going over the top

98
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what dangers did soldiers face when going over top

A

death, poison gas, shrapnel and shells from artillery

99
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: why were living conditions appalling in trenches

A

mud, lice, rats, rotting corpses and poor sanitation

100
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how many men were killed out of 6 million serving in armed forces

A

750,000

101
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how many men wounded out of 6 million serving in armed forces

A

2 million

102
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: what kind of mental battles did men have to face when returning from war

A
  • shell shock from trauma

- -many found it difficult to talk about their experiences

103
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: phyiscla trauma men suffered

A

disfigurement or loss of limbs

104
Q

effects of trenches on soldiers and war poets: how did many artists, writers and poets convey horror of war

A

in ways that contested greatly with traditional glorification of war

history (44 decks)

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