11. Poltical Authority, Oppositipn And The State Of Russia In Wartime Flashcards
political problems of tsardom in wartime: how was tsars decision to go to war in 1914 initially popular
supported by wave of anti german sentiment
political problems of tsardom in wartime: what happened to strike activity and extremist when tsar announced decision to go to war
strike activity ceased, extremists imprisoned
political problems of tsardom in wartime: why did duma dissolve itself in coming of war
didnt want to burden country with unnecessary politics
political problems of tsardom in wartime: what did st petersburg become
petrograd
political problems of tsardom in wartime: when was spirit of national solidarity dampened
initial victories gave way to defeat at hands of germand in Battle of Tannenburg
political problems of tsardom in wartime: reports of what inflamed simmering discontent in russian capital
military incompetence
wartime gov and organisation: what were military zones set up in July 1914
all civillian authority suspended and military assumed command
wartime gov and organisation: why did liberal zemstva oppose military zones
regarded gov as insensitive to needs of people and believed civilians had major part to play in running the war
wartime gov and organisation: why was govs decision to ban sale of alcohol 1914 resented
vodka regarded as a near essential
wartime gov and organisation: what did zemstva establish to provide medical facilities which state seemed to neglect
union of zemstva
wartime gov and organisation: what initiative came from factory owners and businessmen
congress of reps of industry and business
wartime gov and organisation: what did congress of reps of industry and businessmen do
helped coordinate production
wartime gov and organisation: what joined togehter in June 1915 to form all russian union of zemstva and cities
existing zemstva and municipal dumas
wartime gov and organisation: who was all russian union of zemstvas and cities chaired by
Prince Lvov
wartime gov and organisation: what did all russian union of zemstva and cities soon turn into
liberal focus for discontent
wartime gov and organisation: what did progressive bloc demand
the tsar change his ministers and establish a gov of public confidence
wartime gov and organisation: who set up progressive bloc
some deputies from fourth duma
wartime gov and organisation: what did NII do in response to progressive blocs demands
suspended all sittings of duma in sept and remained closed until jan 1917
wartime gov and organisation: what did NII decide to do following defeats in Galicia
take on role of commander in chief of russian army
wartime gov and organisation: what was NII decision to take on role of commander in chief not wise
hed already lost confidence and support of russian general staff and didnt possess military experience to turn war effort around
wartime gov and organisation: what effect did NII commander in chief have
made him appear yet more responsible for varying disasters and distanced him more from developments in Petrograd
wartime gov and organisation: why began to meddle in political appointments and policy in city
rasputin
wartime gov and organisation: what rumours were circulating about Alexandra
deliberately sabotaging war effort
wartime gov and organisation: who warned nicholas of rasputins unpopularity
president of fourth duma, Mikhail Rodzianko
wartime gov and organisation: why did NII not take action against rasputin
his wife relied on him heavily
wartime gov and organisation: who murdered rasputin 17 december 1916
tsars nephew and his accomplice
wartime gov and organisation: how did NII seem unaware/unconcerned about political demands
in letters home he seemed more concerned about childrens measles than starving children
economic and social problems created by war: how was russian economy showing strains of war by Christmas 1914
serious shortage of munitions and prospect of a long war was daunting
military issues: how many men did gov manage to mobilise between 1914-17
15 million
military issues: how were soldiers sent to fight without adequate supplies
without suitable weaponary, lacking warm clothing and fitting, waterproof footwear
military issues: how many rifles did infantry have 1914
2 rifles for every 3 soldiers
military issues: what did soldiers have to rely on weaponary wise in early years
that of fallen comrades
military issues: what did quiet winter months of 1915-16 allow for
more time for training and production of ammunition
military issues: what did most front line units have by time of brusilov offensive june 1916
reasonable complement of machine guns and artillery shells
military issues: why did army have a serious lack of experienced officers by 1916
most killed by early stages of war
military issues: what led to 1.5 million desertions per year
heavy casualties and deteriorating economic and pol situation in russia
internal problems: what did spending on war rise to 1914-18
1914: 1500 million roubles
1918 14500 roubles
internal problems: what happened as a result of rural and industrial workforce being affected by increased military spending
women and children took on some mens work but production slumped at a time when country needed to be producing more
internal problems: what removed important industrial capacity in Germany and other parts of western russia
overrun by germans
internal problems: what brought russian trade to a standstill
naval blockades of baltic and black sea ports together with loss of overland routes to europe
internal problems: why did some in countryside do well out of war
conscription helped to relieve some of population pressure and those with grain and horses made money by supplying the military
internal problems: why did some hoard grain and foodstuffs they produced
prices offered by gov low, tools and equipment in short supply and it was hard to find essential household goods
internal problems: why did grain not always reach town workers even when it was released
inefficient distribution
internal problems: why had railways been taken over
to transport men and goods to front line
internal problems: what happened to foodstuffs that should have found their way to citites
left to rot beside railway beside railway sidings
internal problems: why did town population swell
factories sought more workers for essential war industries
internal problems: what did recruitment drive mean although armament manufacture improved
rifle prod x2
heavy artillery prod x4- at expense of civilian needs
internal problems: why did unemployment soar in urban centres
non military factories deprived of vital supplies and forced to close
internal problems: what financially crippled surviving industries
strikes and lockouts
internal problems: how many workers on strike in moscow and petrograd Jan 1917
m 30,000
p 145000`
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why were streets of petrograd tense by winter of 1917
pent up frustrations of unemployed, starving and desperate
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was a hint of things to come
demonstration 150000 workers in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why was order no 1 introduced
pressure from soldiers and from mutineers at Kronstadt caused petrograd soviet to agree that each regiment should elect committees and send reps to soviet
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was order no 1
charter of soldiers rights
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 all units to elect
deputy to soviet and agree to pol control of petrograd soviet
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 military commission of duma to be obeyed only if
agreed with soviets orders
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 alll weapons to be controlled by
elected soldiers committees
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: all soldiers to enjoy when off duty
full citizens rights
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 no honorific titles to be used for
officers
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 officers not to address soldiers in what form
ty form
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII never return to pretrograd
train diverted by rebellious railway workers and froced to stop as Pskov
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who was tsar under pressure to resign from
chief of general stafff
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did chief of general staff pressure NII to resign
he’d be reassured by an agreement on 1 march that petrograd soviet would recognise PG formed by members of duma
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who did chief of general staff suggest NII resign in favour of
his son
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: when did NII agree to cheif of general staffs demand
2 march
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII name GD Mikhail as new tsar
Alexei’s health too delicate
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: how did NII state Mikhail should lead country
‘in complete union with reps of people in legislative bodies on principles to be established by them and to take an inviolable oath to this effect
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who refused throne
Mikahil
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: where were tsar and family placed
under house arrest along with most of members of tsars council of ministers
prov gov: who led PG
prince Lvov
prov gov: what did its members represent
cross section of influentual elites
prov gov: what was its orginial intention
temporary and elections would be held asap for new constituent assembly
prov gov: who was PG accepted as legitimate by
tsarist civil service, army officers and police
prov gov: where did PG set up
in duma chamber in right wind of Tauride Palace in petrograd
petrograd soviet: how did workers soliders and peasants regard PG
self appointed committee of wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom
petrograd soviet: who was it dominated by
mensheviks and SRs small no of bolsheviks
petrograd soviet: where did it establish its HQ
left wing of tauride palace
petrograd soviet: what was it primarily composed of
radical social intellectuals
petrograd soviet: what did it seem to lack
confidence needed to assume direct control
petrograd soviet: what agreement was reached thanks to kerensky
agreement to work together which laid foundations for period of dual power
petrograd soviet: what did soviet make no attempt to demand
land redistribution or nationalisation of industry
petrograd soviet: what promises of PG did soviet accept
- general amnesty for pol prisoners
- basic civil liberties
- abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality
- right to organise TUs and to strike
- constituent assembly elected
petrograd soviet: what did PG allow freedom of
religion and the press
petrograd soviet: what did PG abolish
death penalty at front
petrograd soviet: who did PG replace tsarist police force with
peoples militia
the dual power in action: why was dual power never going to be easy
mixture of radical and liberals ruling
the dual power in action: what did order 1 state that made rule difficult
soldiers should obey PG but only when soviet agreed with pg
the dual power in action: what did soviet encourage whilst PG tried to discipline deserters and restore order in towns and cities
encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their rights
the dual power in action: what had the masses expected despite PGs belief that a change of regime should lead to all out effort to win the war
expected political changes to bring about an end to wartime deprivation
the dual power in action: examples of workers and peasants disturbances that continued
- military desertions and workers strikes
- peasants disturbances affected 34 districts march 1917 325 in july
the dual power in action: what led to a massive anti war demonstration that forced milyukov and guchkov to resign
announcement april 1917 that gov would continue fighting until a just peace has been ensued
the dual power in action: who were milyukov and guchov replaced by
socialists from the soviet
the dual power in action: who was prince Lvov replaced as chairman by
Kerensky
the dual power in action: why did ministerial changes alarm upper class
despair that gov had failed to protect their property, maintain order or win war aggravated by shift to left
the dual power in action: which street riots exacerbated upper class fears
july days
the dual power in action: who were the hopes of the elites transferred to
general kornilov who Kerensky had appointed as commander in chief of army
the dual power in action: what did Kornilov order at end of august 1917
6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd, presumably intending to crush the soviet and establish a military dictatorship
the dual power in action: why did kornilov affair fail
Kerensky released imprisoned Bolsheviks and provided soviet with weapons from gov armouries to halt kornilovs advance
the dual power in action: what was support for PG like by summer 1917
little support left
the dual power in action: what were food supplies and wages like by end of summer 1917
food supplies chaotic in towns and although gov granted 8 hour day, real wages fell rapidly in 1917 as prices rose
the dual power in action: why was hope of workers that unions and factory committees would be able to improve their lot dashed
august when right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike was confirmed and meetings of factory committees during working hours were forbidden
the dual power in action: what lost pg support in countryside
continuation of war and govs failure to redistribute land
the dual power in action: why did gov fail to redistribute land
claimed such an important issue had to be left until after Russia had a democratically elected assembly
the dual power in action: what did peasants do when pg failed to redistribute land
took law into their own hands and seized it anyway
the dual power in action: what suspicions were rife despite electoral commission being established in may to arrange elections for November
suspicion that bourgeois gov was deliberately delaying a move to greater demoncracy in order to preserve its power
the dual power in action: which group benefitted most from widespread disillusionment
Bolsheviks
