5: opposition 1855-1894 Flashcards
what stimulated opposition in AII reign
hope and disappointment brought by reforms
what did initial relaxation of censorship encourage
spread of radical literature
what did relaxation of controls on education increase
no of independently minded students
what did creation of zemstvas and dumas provide
platform for educated intellectuals to challenge tsarist policies
what did reform in judicial system produce
professionally trained lawyers skilled in art of persuasion
ready to challenge autocratic practices
why was moderate liberate opposition only small scale
only few literate and educated russians
what did liberal intellectuals have benefit of
education, time, wealth and interest to reflect on political matters
what did some intelligentsia seek the truth via
philosophical ideas eg nihilism/anarchy
what 2 categories did most liberal members of opposition fall into
slavophiles and westernisers
what did westernisers want
to catch up with the west by copying western ways
what did slavophiles favour
a superior Russian path to a better future
what was westernising liberal oppositions aim
reform the autocracy so the tsar would listen and rule in conjunction with his subjects
how did AII respond to st pt zemstva demanding a central body
he stood firmly against proposal
why did the attractions of the slavophiles diminish in 1890s
country moved forward towards industrialisation
why did industrialisation split the intelligentsia
some attracted by Marxist theory and some maintained more liberal stance
what happened in 1891-92 that left zemstva responsible for relief work
famine
tsarist gov didn’t take actions
what did famine provide evidence for
change needed
among which group of people did a more radical strand of opposition develop
younger generation
what were young Russia held responsible for in june 1862
a series of fires in capital
who was ‘the organisation’ set up by in 1863 and what was made
students at Moscow university
more calls for reform made
what was student idealism and determination heightened by
increased repression of later 1860s and influence of radical socialist writers
what was chernyshevsky the author of
the contemporary and what is to be done?
what did chernyshevskys writings suggest
peasants had to be made leaders of revolutionary change
what did Herzen advocate in his journal
new peasant based social structure
what did herzen call on followers to do in 1869
go to the people
what view did Bakunin put forward
private ownership of land should be replaced by collective ownership and income should be based on number of hours worked
how did Bakunin help to introduce Marxism into russia
translated marx’s communist manifesto into russian
when was the Tchaikovsky circle set up
1868-69
what was the Tchaikovsky circle
literary society that organised printing, publishing and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature
what did the circle seek
social revolution
what did the circle start to do from 1872
organise workers with the intention of sending them to work among peasants in countryside
another name for the populists
narodniks
what was the idea behind populism
going to the people
what did lavrov persuade a group of 2000 people to do in 1874
travel to countryside to persuade peasantry that the future of Russia depended on development of peasant commune
what did the populists aim to exploit
the resentment felt since the emancipation about ack of land and tax burden
why were the populist incomers reported to the authorities by the peasants
peasants ignorance, superstition, prejudice and deep rooted loyalty to tsar
how did nardodnysim have a benefit
helped to take radical opposition away from underground meeting rooms and into countryside
helped to make gov more aware of opponents
when was land and liberty set up
1877
what did land and liberty continue
populist traditions
what did land and liberty members seek
work within peasant commune but in less obtrusive manner than narodniks
what did some members of land and liberty carry out
political assassinations
when did the land and liberty organisation split
1879
into what 2 groups did land and liberty split into
black repartition and the peoples will
who organised black repartition
Plekhanov
why did black repartition take such name
wanted to share black soil provinces of Russia among peasants
what were the hopes of black repartitions
stimulating social change without violence
how did black repartition set about achieving their aims
worked peacefully among peasantry
what was black repartition severely weakened by
series of arrests in 1880-81
who led peoples will
mikhailov
how did mikhailov keep group informed of secret police activities
planted a spy in third section
what methods did peoples will advocate
violent ones, undermining gov by assassinating officials
how did AII assassination mark a turning point
security stepped up and new tsar retired to fortitfied castle
what effect did increased security have
ended populist movement
which forms of opposition continued underground after AII assassination
self education circles who translated writings of foreign socialists
contact with radicals in exile in west maintained
what did Plekhanov establish from Switzerland in 1883
emancipation of labour group
what did emancipation of labour group do
translated and arranged for Marxist tracts to be smuggled into Russia
sought to demonstrate Marxism fully applicable to russia
how did industrialisation benefit opposition groups
numbers of workers organisations, illegal trade unions, Marxist discussion circles and other groups developed- spreading Marxist ideas
