19. social and cultural impact of total war BRT Flashcards
1
Q
conscription: how was conscription introduced differently to WW1
A
introduced at an earlier stage in war
2
Q
conscription: what conscription existed April 1939
A
for men aged 20-22
3
Q
conscription: what was conscription extended to in September 1940
A
18-41
4
Q
conscription: what was conscription extended further to in 1942
A
51
5
Q
conscription: which new responsibilities did older men take on as they were conscripted into the national service
A
as special constables, firewatchers or workers in civil defence or home guard
6
Q
conscription: how many young men in uniform did army, navy and airforce have between them by mid1941
A
3 million
7
Q
conscription: what had size of armed forces risen to in 1944
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4.5 million plus nearly half in womens services
8
Q
conscription: number in home guard by 1943
A
1.75 million
9
Q
conscription: what improved in working class families despite shortages and rationing
A
nutrition standards
10
Q
conscription: effect of war on unemployment
A
- fell by half 1939-42 and had virtually disappeared by 1943
- full employment available even in worst off areas of 1930s
11
Q
conscription: what did trade union membership increase from
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6.3 million to 8.9 million
12
Q
conscription: how did the war raise the average earnings of the working class
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combination of full employment, overtime and piece rate
13
Q
conscription: what did average male weekly earnings raise by between 1938 and 1945
A
80%
14
Q
conscription: what did average earnings for female workers increase by
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double
15
Q
conscription: what did increase in earnings, rationing and controls on prices reduce
A
income differences
16
Q
conscription: what were the middle and upper classes hit by
A
high taxation, death duties and limits on profits which could be made from factories or land.
17
Q
women: what was there an urgent demand for as in the first world war
A
an urgent demand for more women workers
18
Q
women: which women could be conscripted
A
unmarried women between 19 and 30
19
Q
women: what were conscripted women given a choice between
A
service in the Women’s Auxiliary Forces or war work in industry
20
Q
women: where were women directed into from 1940 onwards
A
shipyards, aircraft factories, munitions engineering, docks, hospitals and anywhere where there was a labour shortage
21
Q
women: what proportion of factory workers were women by late 1943
A
over half
22
Q
women: what did the demands of total war change for married women
A
married women also worked
before war they were compelled to stop work when they married
23
Q
women: what percentage of married women were working by the end of 1943
A
80%
24
Q
women: what did war work give women
A
more money, greater status and independence
25
women: how much less did women earn than men for the same jobs
60-70% less
26
women: why did life quickly return to normal after war for many women
they were forced to give up jobs to men returning the war
27
children: how many children did the gov move out of the main cities in Britain in September 1939
a million
28
children: how were some evacuees lucky
they found welcoming homes where they were looked after
children from inner cities often found themselves better fed and clothed than at home
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children: what did some evacuees suffer from
neglect and mistreatment
30
children: why had more than half of evacuees returned home by January 1904
due to the phoney war
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children: when were children again evacuated
1940 Blitz and 1944-5 when Germany llauched a series of v1 and v2 rocket attacks
32
children: why was the education of many thousands of children disrupted
evacuation, destruction of school buildings and conscription of male teachers
33
civil liberties and restrictions: what did emergency powers act 1939 give gov authority to do as soon as war broke out
make regulations covering any aspect of left necessary to secure the defence of the realm
34
civil liberties and restrictions: examples of regulations issued under Emergency Powers Act
ensuring people kept black outs over windows/ preventing them from expressing defeatist thoughts
35
civil liberties and restrictions: what was censorship imposed on
overseas mail, telephone lines tapped and newspapers forbidden from publishing information which may be useful to enemy
36
civil liberties and restrictions: why was far stricter rationing imposed than first world war
Britain imported most of its food and so german u boat attacks in battle of the Atlantic threatened to starve Britain out
37
civil liberties and restrictions: how did gov place intensive pressure on cutting waste
Lord Wootlon launched campaigns against any waste of food and people were prosecuted for it
38
civil liberties and restrictions: what did woolton also encourage so housewives could turn rations into appetising dishes
development of new recipes
39
civil liberties and restrictions: how was woolton pie described
steak and kidney pie without steak and kidney
40
propaganda: whey were the population subjected to never ending propaganda
to keep attention focused on war effort
41
propaganda: what were people encouraged no to talk about with slogan 'careless talk costs lives'
not to talk about any war work they may be involved in or any information they may have regarding shipping, airfields or deployment of armed forces
42
propaganda: what did ministry of fuel nag population not to do
waste energy
43
propaganda: why must no food go to waste
unnecessary food imports put at risk the lives of merchant seamen
44
propaganda: what did the squander bug tempt the public to do
spend money rather than buy war bonds and he was to be resisted
45
propaganda: how did the BBC start the war badly
they cancelled most entertainment programmes
46
propaganda: how many private radio sets were there by 1945
10 million
47
propaganda: what did the BBC provide
news, information and serious discussion as well as comedy shows, music and light entertainment
48
propaganda: what did the bbc have a huge influence on
morale
49
propaganda: what had a golden age despite long working hours, bombing and the black out
the cinema- 30 million attendances a week
50
propaganda: how was the film industry ready to compete with the war effort
indirectly: by making entertaining films to keep people happy and directly: through documentary films and feature films calculated to carry the right messages
51
the blitz: when was the first phase of the blitz
1940-42 with night raids by German bombers
52
the blitz: when was the second phase of the blitz
1944-45 when german v1 and v2 rockets packed with high explosives were fired from launching sites in northern france and Germany
53
the blitz: how many attacks did London suffer
300 aircraft and half of all rocket attacks
54
the blitz: which city endured one of worst attacks in nov 1940
conventry
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the blitz: effects of Coventry attack nov 1940
several thousand buildings damaged/destroyed including chatherdial
500 killed and 1200 injured
56
the blitz: what did the Baedeker raids of spring 1942 target
historic towns like York, Norwich and exeter
57
the blitz: where did people go underground to survive these raids
London tube, Anderson shelters or authority shelters
58
the blitz: whar were Morrison shelters
iron cages in houses where people could take refuge
59
the blitz: what were trekkers
people who left city for countryside each night
60
the blitz: how many trekkers were there during raids on Liverpool and Birkenhead in may 1941
40.000
61
The beveridge report: when was it published
December 1942
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The beveridge report: what was the beveridge reports official total
Social security and allied services
63
The beveridge report: how many copies did it sell
600,000
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The beveridge report: which 5 giants of poverty did beveridge report about slaying
Want, sickness, lack of education, bad housing and unemployment
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The beveridge report: what did beveridge report propose to slay the 5 giants
- NHS led to adequate health care
- family allowances to be paid to all parents
- full employment
66
The beveridge report: what did the report refer to the need for
Revolution in the welfare system
67
The beveridge report: what did national insurance need to become
Universal and comprehensive
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The beveridge report: having a single weekly insurance contribution covering
Health, unemployment and old age pension
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The beveridge report: which single gov department would all be benefits he administered by
Ministry of social security
70
The beveridge report: end of
Means testing
71
The beveridge report: providing what for everyone from birth to death
Universal national minimum benefit
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The beveridge report: who did it develop momentum with
The generation which had lived through the depression of the 1930s
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The beveridge report: what vision did beveridge offer
A safe, secure and prosperous future which made war worth fighting
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The beveridge report: which steps were taken regarding employment
White paper issued 1944 outlining commitment to high and stable employment
75
The beveridge report: which key beveridge recommendation did coalition gov introduce in 1944
Family allowances
| 5 shillings a week for all children after first up to 15/16 if still in full time education
76
The butler education act: who was butler
Conservative education minister in wartime coalition
77
The butler education act: what was the school leaving age increased from
14-15
78
The butler education act: what was established
Free, compulsory secondary education
79
The butler education act: what would be available to students who qualified for uni entrance
Local authority grants of fees and maintenance
80
The butler education act: what was the tripartite system of education that the act led
Grammar, technical or secondary modern as advised by ministry of education
81
The butler education act: what would students take to determine whether they were able to attend a grammar school
An examination known as the 11+
82
The policies of post war labour gov: when did the welfare state promise to care for people
From cradle to the grave
83
Policies of post war labour gov: when did labour pass the major welfare and social reforms
Between 1945 and 1948
84
Policies of post war labour gov: the family allowances act
1945
5 shillings now paid to a family for each child after first one
85
Policies of post war labour gov: in what sense was the 1946 national insurance act universal
It applied national insurance to all employees
86
Policies of post war labour gov: what was the national insurance act comprehensive in
The risks it covered
87
Policies of post war labour gov: how did the act work
In return for weekly NI payments by employees and employers, the act provided unemployment and sickness benefit, maternity grants, death grants, allowances for widows and their children, allowance for orphans and an old age pension
88
Policies of post war labour gov: how was the 1946 industrial industries act universal
It covered the whole workforce
89
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the industrial injuries act widen
Made more generous compensation for injuries and illneee caused at work
90
Policies of post war labour gov: how long did scheme provide injury benefit for
6 months
91
Policies of post war labour gov: who did IIA provide disability benefit for
Those permanently injured
92
Policies of post war labour gov: what were death benefits set up for IIA
Dependents
93
Policies of post war labour gov: what were set up under IIA to asses cases rather than whole burden of proving case resting on claimant
Tribunals
94
Policies of post war labour gov: how many houses did labour build altogether
1.5 million
95
Policies of post war labour gov: what was most of the housing that labour build
Council housing and another 250000 pre fabs
96
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the 1946 new towns act begin
The building of major new towns around London tonhouse those bombed out or in slum acomodaion
97
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the towns and countryside act require
Large local authorities to plan future development
98
Policies of post war labour gov: what did town and countryside act establish to limit urban sprawl
The green belt
99
Policies of post war labour gov: who was the 1948 national assistant act pressed on gov by
Bevan
100
Policies of post war labour gov: what was national assistance act designed to provide
Basic financial held for anyone who fell through the net of other benefits
101
Policies of post war labour gov: how did national assistance act finally end poor Law
By transferring financial responsibility for the destitute from local to central gov
102
Policies of post war labour gov: what did national assistance board provide
Benefits to people who couldn’t fend for themselves
103
Policies of post war labour gov: what did NAA force local authorities to provide
Accommodation for the homeless
104
NHS: what did NHS mean
Health care could be available and accessible to all and free at the point of entry
105
NHS: what did NHS not begin to function until July 1948 despite
Act of parliament in 1946 opened way for NHS
106
NHS: what was establishment of NHS the work of
bevan
107
NHS: what did bevans ideas provoke
Considerable controversy
108
NHS: wby was implementing plans for NHS a long and difficult battle
He faced vigorous opposition from elements of Conservative party and doctors
109
Medical advances: why did WW2 see huge advances in medical world
As it sought to deal with casualties
110
Medical advances: why was great progres made with penicillin despite it being developed before war
Due to need to develop it on an industrial scale
111
Medical advances: what developments to do with penicillin had been developed by end of war
Several strains that were 20 tones stronger
112
Medical advances: 4 other types of advances during war
- improvements in blood transfusion derive
- burns and ground breaking work in skin grafts
- immunisation for tetanus
- development of ultrasound
113
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: unification of system of NHS administration
Although hospitals were funded centrally, there were significant regional variations in the pattern of health care
114
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: shortage of
Trained staff and of buildings
115
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: hospital buildings often
Dreary, old fashioned and ill suited for purpose
116
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: local health centres not set up until
1952
117
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: proved very difficult to bring costs under control as
Spending on NHS doubled between 1948 and 1951
118
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: social groups such as... now able to afford regular health care
Mothers of large low income families
119
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: major improvements in public health in late 1940s evidenced by
Infant mortality falling dramatically
120
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: rapidly gained
Public acceptance and became labours single most popular welfare reform
121
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: medical profession who opposed NHS soon became
It’s staunchest defenders
122
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: what did NHS show
That universal, comprehensive and free medical care could be provided in a democratic, capitalist society
123
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: welfare benefits remained low and didn’t rise with
Inflation
124
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: claims for compensation for industrial injuries remained
Difficult to prove
125
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: post war financial and economic problems limited number of
Houses built
126
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: issues with new tripartite model for schools
Left many with sense of failure if they failed to get into grammar schools
Technical schools never had same resources or prestige as grammar schools
127
What were labours welfare reforms overall
A great step forward
