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history > 19. social and cultural impact of total war BRT > Flashcards

19. social and cultural impact of total war BRT Flashcards

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1
Q

conscription: how was conscription introduced differently to WW1

A

introduced at an earlier stage in war

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2
Q

conscription: what conscription existed April 1939

A

for men aged 20-22

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3
Q

conscription: what was conscription extended to in September 1940

A

18-41

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4
Q

conscription: what was conscription extended further to in 1942

A

51

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5
Q

conscription: which new responsibilities did older men take on as they were conscripted into the national service

A

as special constables, firewatchers or workers in civil defence or home guard

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6
Q

conscription: how many young men in uniform did army, navy and airforce have between them by mid1941

A

3 million

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7
Q

conscription: what had size of armed forces risen to in 1944

A

4.5 million plus nearly half in womens services

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8
Q

conscription: number in home guard by 1943

A

1.75 million

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9
Q

conscription: what improved in working class families despite shortages and rationing

A

nutrition standards

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10
Q

conscription: effect of war on unemployment

A
  • fell by half 1939-42 and had virtually disappeared by 1943

- full employment available even in worst off areas of 1930s

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11
Q

conscription: what did trade union membership increase from

A

6.3 million to 8.9 million

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12
Q

conscription: how did the war raise the average earnings of the working class

A

combination of full employment, overtime and piece rate

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13
Q

conscription: what did average male weekly earnings raise by between 1938 and 1945

A

80%

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14
Q

conscription: what did average earnings for female workers increase by

A

double

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15
Q

conscription: what did increase in earnings, rationing and controls on prices reduce

A

income differences

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16
Q

conscription: what were the middle and upper classes hit by

A

high taxation, death duties and limits on profits which could be made from factories or land.

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17
Q

women: what was there an urgent demand for as in the first world war

A

an urgent demand for more women workers

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18
Q

women: which women could be conscripted

A

unmarried women between 19 and 30

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19
Q

women: what were conscripted women given a choice between

A

service in the Women’s Auxiliary Forces or war work in industry

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20
Q

women: where were women directed into from 1940 onwards

A

shipyards, aircraft factories, munitions engineering, docks, hospitals and anywhere where there was a labour shortage

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21
Q

women: what proportion of factory workers were women by late 1943

A

over half

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22
Q

women: what did the demands of total war change for married women

A

married women also worked

before war they were compelled to stop work when they married

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23
Q

women: what percentage of married women were working by the end of 1943

A

80%

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24
Q

women: what did war work give women

A

more money, greater status and independence

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25
Q

women: how much less did women earn than men for the same jobs

A

60-70% less

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26
Q

women: why did life quickly return to normal after war for many women

A

they were forced to give up jobs to men returning the war

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27
Q

children: how many children did the gov move out of the main cities in Britain in September 1939

A

a million

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28
Q

children: how were some evacuees lucky

A

they found welcoming homes where they were looked after

children from inner cities often found themselves better fed and clothed than at home

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29
Q

children: what did some evacuees suffer from

A

neglect and mistreatment

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30
Q

children: why had more than half of evacuees returned home by January 1904

A

due to the phoney war

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31
Q

children: when were children again evacuated

A

1940 Blitz and 1944-5 when Germany llauched a series of v1 and v2 rocket attacks

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32
Q

children: why was the education of many thousands of children disrupted

A

evacuation, destruction of school buildings and conscription of male teachers

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33
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: what did emergency powers act 1939 give gov authority to do as soon as war broke out

A

make regulations covering any aspect of left necessary to secure the defence of the realm

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34
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: examples of regulations issued under Emergency Powers Act

A

ensuring people kept black outs over windows/ preventing them from expressing defeatist thoughts

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35
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: what was censorship imposed on

A

overseas mail, telephone lines tapped and newspapers forbidden from publishing information which may be useful to enemy

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36
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: why was far stricter rationing imposed than first world war

A

Britain imported most of its food and so german u boat attacks in battle of the Atlantic threatened to starve Britain out

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37
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: how did gov place intensive pressure on cutting waste

A

Lord Wootlon launched campaigns against any waste of food and people were prosecuted for it

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38
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: what did woolton also encourage so housewives could turn rations into appetising dishes

A

development of new recipes

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39
Q

civil liberties and restrictions: how was woolton pie described

A

steak and kidney pie without steak and kidney

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40
Q

propaganda: whey were the population subjected to never ending propaganda

A

to keep attention focused on war effort

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41
Q

propaganda: what were people encouraged no to talk about with slogan ‘careless talk costs lives’

A

not to talk about any war work they may be involved in or any information they may have regarding shipping, airfields or deployment of armed forces

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42
Q

propaganda: what did ministry of fuel nag population not to do

A

waste energy

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43
Q

propaganda: why must no food go to waste

A

unnecessary food imports put at risk the lives of merchant seamen

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44
Q

propaganda: what did the squander bug tempt the public to do

A

spend money rather than buy war bonds and he was to be resisted

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45
Q

propaganda: how did the BBC start the war badly

A

they cancelled most entertainment programmes

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46
Q

propaganda: how many private radio sets were there by 1945

A

10 million

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47
Q

propaganda: what did the BBC provide

A

news, information and serious discussion as well as comedy shows, music and light entertainment

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48
Q

propaganda: what did the bbc have a huge influence on

A

morale

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49
Q

propaganda: what had a golden age despite long working hours, bombing and the black out

A

the cinema- 30 million attendances a week

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50
Q

propaganda: how was the film industry ready to compete with the war effort

A

indirectly: by making entertaining films to keep people happy and directly: through documentary films and feature films calculated to carry the right messages

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51
Q

the blitz: when was the first phase of the blitz

A

1940-42 with night raids by German bombers

52
Q

the blitz: when was the second phase of the blitz

A

1944-45 when german v1 and v2 rockets packed with high explosives were fired from launching sites in northern france and Germany

53
Q

the blitz: how many attacks did London suffer

A

300 aircraft and half of all rocket attacks

54
Q

the blitz: which city endured one of worst attacks in nov 1940

A

conventry

55
Q

the blitz: effects of Coventry attack nov 1940

A

several thousand buildings damaged/destroyed including chatherdial

500 killed and 1200 injured

56
Q

the blitz: what did the Baedeker raids of spring 1942 target

A

historic towns like York, Norwich and exeter

57
Q

the blitz: where did people go underground to survive these raids

A

London tube, Anderson shelters or authority shelters

58
Q

the blitz: whar were Morrison shelters

A

iron cages in houses where people could take refuge

59
Q

the blitz: what were trekkers

A

people who left city for countryside each night

60
Q

the blitz: how many trekkers were there during raids on Liverpool and Birkenhead in may 1941

A

40.000

61
Q

The beveridge report: when was it published

A

December 1942

62
Q

The beveridge report: what was the beveridge reports official total

A

Social security and allied services

63
Q

The beveridge report: how many copies did it sell

A

600,000

64
Q

The beveridge report: which 5 giants of poverty did beveridge report about slaying

A

Want, sickness, lack of education, bad housing and unemployment

65
Q

The beveridge report: what did beveridge report propose to slay the 5 giants

A
  • NHS led to adequate health care
  • family allowances to be paid to all parents
  • full employment
66
Q

The beveridge report: what did the report refer to the need for

A

Revolution in the welfare system

67
Q

The beveridge report: what did national insurance need to become

A

Universal and comprehensive

68
Q

The beveridge report: having a single weekly insurance contribution covering

A

Health, unemployment and old age pension

69
Q

The beveridge report: which single gov department would all be benefits he administered by

A

Ministry of social security

70
Q

The beveridge report: end of

A

Means testing

71
Q

The beveridge report: providing what for everyone from birth to death

A

Universal national minimum benefit

72
Q

The beveridge report: who did it develop momentum with

A

The generation which had lived through the depression of the 1930s

73
Q

The beveridge report: what vision did beveridge offer

A

A safe, secure and prosperous future which made war worth fighting

74
Q

The beveridge report: which steps were taken regarding employment

A

White paper issued 1944 outlining commitment to high and stable employment

75
Q

The beveridge report: which key beveridge recommendation did coalition gov introduce in 1944

A

Family allowances

5 shillings a week for all children after first up to 15/16 if still in full time education

76
Q

The butler education act: who was butler

A

Conservative education minister in wartime coalition

77
Q

The butler education act: what was the school leaving age increased from

A

14-15

78
Q

The butler education act: what was established

A

Free, compulsory secondary education

79
Q

The butler education act: what would be available to students who qualified for uni entrance

A

Local authority grants of fees and maintenance

80
Q

The butler education act: what was the tripartite system of education that the act led

A

Grammar, technical or secondary modern as advised by ministry of education

81
Q

The butler education act: what would students take to determine whether they were able to attend a grammar school

A

An examination known as the 11+

82
Q

The policies of post war labour gov: when did the welfare state promise to care for people

A

From cradle to the grave

83
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: when did labour pass the major welfare and social reforms

A

Between 1945 and 1948

84
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: the family allowances act

A

1945

5 shillings now paid to a family for each child after first one

85
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: in what sense was the 1946 national insurance act universal

A

It applied national insurance to all employees

86
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what was the national insurance act comprehensive in

A

The risks it covered

87
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: how did the act work

A

In return for weekly NI payments by employees and employers, the act provided unemployment and sickness benefit, maternity grants, death grants, allowances for widows and their children, allowance for orphans and an old age pension

88
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: how was the 1946 industrial industries act universal

A

It covered the whole workforce

89
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did the industrial injuries act widen

A

Made more generous compensation for injuries and illneee caused at work

90
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: how long did scheme provide injury benefit for

A

6 months

91
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: who did IIA provide disability benefit for

A

Those permanently injured

92
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what were death benefits set up for IIA

A

Dependents

93
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what were set up under IIA to asses cases rather than whole burden of proving case resting on claimant

A

Tribunals

94
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: how many houses did labour build altogether

A

1.5 million

95
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what was most of the housing that labour build

A

Council housing and another 250000 pre fabs

96
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did the 1946 new towns act begin

A

The building of major new towns around London tonhouse those bombed out or in slum acomodaion

97
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did the towns and countryside act require

A

Large local authorities to plan future development

98
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did town and countryside act establish to limit urban sprawl

A

The green belt

99
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: who was the 1948 national assistant act pressed on gov by

A

Bevan

100
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what was national assistance act designed to provide

A

Basic financial held for anyone who fell through the net of other benefits

101
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: how did national assistance act finally end poor Law

A

By transferring financial responsibility for the destitute from local to central gov

102
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did national assistance board provide

A

Benefits to people who couldn’t fend for themselves

103
Q

Policies of post war labour gov: what did NAA force local authorities to provide

A

Accommodation for the homeless

104
Q

NHS: what did NHS mean

A

Health care could be available and accessible to all and free at the point of entry

105
Q

NHS: what did NHS not begin to function until July 1948 despite

A

Act of parliament in 1946 opened way for NHS

106
Q

NHS: what was establishment of NHS the work of

A

bevan

107
Q

NHS: what did bevans ideas provoke

A

Considerable controversy

108
Q

NHS: wby was implementing plans for NHS a long and difficult battle

A

He faced vigorous opposition from elements of Conservative party and doctors

109
Q

Medical advances: why did WW2 see huge advances in medical world

A

As it sought to deal with casualties

110
Q

Medical advances: why was great progres made with penicillin despite it being developed before war

A

Due to need to develop it on an industrial scale

111
Q

Medical advances: what developments to do with penicillin had been developed by end of war

A

Several strains that were 20 tones stronger

112
Q

Medical advances: 4 other types of advances during war

A
  • improvements in blood transfusion derive
  • burns and ground breaking work in skin grafts
  • immunisation for tetanus
  • development of ultrasound
113
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: unification of system of NHS administration

A

Although hospitals were funded centrally, there were significant regional variations in the pattern of health care

114
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: shortage of

A

Trained staff and of buildings

115
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: hospital buildings often

A

Dreary, old fashioned and ill suited for purpose

116
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: local health centres not set up until

A

1952

117
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: proved very difficult to bring costs under control as

A

Spending on NHS doubled between 1948 and 1951

118
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: social groups such as… now able to afford regular health care

A

Mothers of large low income families

119
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: major improvements in public health in late 1940s evidenced by

A

Infant mortality falling dramatically

120
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: rapidly gained

A

Public acceptance and became labours single most popular welfare reform

121
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: medical profession who opposed NHS soon became

A

It’s staunchest defenders

122
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: what did NHS show

A

That universal, comprehensive and free medical care could be provided in a democratic, capitalist society

123
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: welfare benefits remained low and didn’t rise with

A

Inflation

124
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: claims for compensation for industrial injuries remained

A

Difficult to prove

125
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: post war financial and economic problems limited number of

A

Houses built

126
Q

Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: issues with new tripartite model for schools

A

Left many with sense of failure if they failed to get into grammar schools

Technical schools never had same resources or prestige as grammar schools

127
Q

What were labours welfare reforms overall

A

A great step forward

history (44 decks)

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