19. social and cultural impact of total war BRT Flashcards
conscription: how was conscription introduced differently to WW1
introduced at an earlier stage in war
conscription: what conscription existed April 1939
for men aged 20-22
conscription: what was conscription extended to in September 1940
18-41
conscription: what was conscription extended further to in 1942
51
conscription: which new responsibilities did older men take on as they were conscripted into the national service
as special constables, firewatchers or workers in civil defence or home guard
conscription: how many young men in uniform did army, navy and airforce have between them by mid1941
3 million
conscription: what had size of armed forces risen to in 1944
4.5 million plus nearly half in womens services
conscription: number in home guard by 1943
1.75 million
conscription: what improved in working class families despite shortages and rationing
nutrition standards
conscription: effect of war on unemployment
- fell by half 1939-42 and had virtually disappeared by 1943
- full employment available even in worst off areas of 1930s
conscription: what did trade union membership increase from
6.3 million to 8.9 million
conscription: how did the war raise the average earnings of the working class
combination of full employment, overtime and piece rate
conscription: what did average male weekly earnings raise by between 1938 and 1945
80%
conscription: what did average earnings for female workers increase by
double
conscription: what did increase in earnings, rationing and controls on prices reduce
income differences
conscription: what were the middle and upper classes hit by
high taxation, death duties and limits on profits which could be made from factories or land.
women: what was there an urgent demand for as in the first world war
an urgent demand for more women workers
women: which women could be conscripted
unmarried women between 19 and 30
women: what were conscripted women given a choice between
service in the Women’s Auxiliary Forces or war work in industry
women: where were women directed into from 1940 onwards
shipyards, aircraft factories, munitions engineering, docks, hospitals and anywhere where there was a labour shortage
women: what proportion of factory workers were women by late 1943
over half
women: what did the demands of total war change for married women
married women also worked
before war they were compelled to stop work when they married
women: what percentage of married women were working by the end of 1943
80%
women: what did war work give women
more money, greater status and independence
women: how much less did women earn than men for the same jobs
60-70% less
women: why did life quickly return to normal after war for many women
they were forced to give up jobs to men returning the war
children: how many children did the gov move out of the main cities in Britain in September 1939
a million
children: how were some evacuees lucky
they found welcoming homes where they were looked after
children from inner cities often found themselves better fed and clothed than at home
children: what did some evacuees suffer from
neglect and mistreatment
children: why had more than half of evacuees returned home by January 1904
due to the phoney war
children: when were children again evacuated
1940 Blitz and 1944-5 when Germany llauched a series of v1 and v2 rocket attacks
children: why was the education of many thousands of children disrupted
evacuation, destruction of school buildings and conscription of male teachers
civil liberties and restrictions: what did emergency powers act 1939 give gov authority to do as soon as war broke out
make regulations covering any aspect of left necessary to secure the defence of the realm
civil liberties and restrictions: examples of regulations issued under Emergency Powers Act
ensuring people kept black outs over windows/ preventing them from expressing defeatist thoughts
civil liberties and restrictions: what was censorship imposed on
overseas mail, telephone lines tapped and newspapers forbidden from publishing information which may be useful to enemy
civil liberties and restrictions: why was far stricter rationing imposed than first world war
Britain imported most of its food and so german u boat attacks in battle of the Atlantic threatened to starve Britain out
civil liberties and restrictions: how did gov place intensive pressure on cutting waste
Lord Wootlon launched campaigns against any waste of food and people were prosecuted for it
civil liberties and restrictions: what did woolton also encourage so housewives could turn rations into appetising dishes
development of new recipes
civil liberties and restrictions: how was woolton pie described
steak and kidney pie without steak and kidney
propaganda: whey were the population subjected to never ending propaganda
to keep attention focused on war effort
propaganda: what were people encouraged no to talk about with slogan ‘careless talk costs lives’
not to talk about any war work they may be involved in or any information they may have regarding shipping, airfields or deployment of armed forces
propaganda: what did ministry of fuel nag population not to do
waste energy
propaganda: why must no food go to waste
unnecessary food imports put at risk the lives of merchant seamen
propaganda: what did the squander bug tempt the public to do
spend money rather than buy war bonds and he was to be resisted
propaganda: how did the BBC start the war badly
they cancelled most entertainment programmes
propaganda: how many private radio sets were there by 1945
10 million
propaganda: what did the BBC provide
news, information and serious discussion as well as comedy shows, music and light entertainment
propaganda: what did the bbc have a huge influence on
morale
propaganda: what had a golden age despite long working hours, bombing and the black out
the cinema- 30 million attendances a week
propaganda: how was the film industry ready to compete with the war effort
indirectly: by making entertaining films to keep people happy and directly: through documentary films and feature films calculated to carry the right messages
the blitz: when was the first phase of the blitz
1940-42 with night raids by German bombers
the blitz: when was the second phase of the blitz
1944-45 when german v1 and v2 rockets packed with high explosives were fired from launching sites in northern france and Germany
the blitz: how many attacks did London suffer
300 aircraft and half of all rocket attacks
the blitz: which city endured one of worst attacks in nov 1940
conventry
the blitz: effects of Coventry attack nov 1940
several thousand buildings damaged/destroyed including chatherdial
500 killed and 1200 injured
the blitz: what did the Baedeker raids of spring 1942 target
historic towns like York, Norwich and exeter
the blitz: where did people go underground to survive these raids
London tube, Anderson shelters or authority shelters
the blitz: whar were Morrison shelters
iron cages in houses where people could take refuge
the blitz: what were trekkers
people who left city for countryside each night
the blitz: how many trekkers were there during raids on Liverpool and Birkenhead in may 1941
40.000
The beveridge report: when was it published
December 1942
The beveridge report: what was the beveridge reports official total
Social security and allied services
The beveridge report: how many copies did it sell
600,000
The beveridge report: which 5 giants of poverty did beveridge report about slaying
Want, sickness, lack of education, bad housing and unemployment
The beveridge report: what did beveridge report propose to slay the 5 giants
- NHS led to adequate health care
- family allowances to be paid to all parents
- full employment
The beveridge report: what did the report refer to the need for
Revolution in the welfare system
The beveridge report: what did national insurance need to become
Universal and comprehensive
The beveridge report: having a single weekly insurance contribution covering
Health, unemployment and old age pension
The beveridge report: which single gov department would all be benefits he administered by
Ministry of social security
The beveridge report: end of
Means testing
The beveridge report: providing what for everyone from birth to death
Universal national minimum benefit
The beveridge report: who did it develop momentum with
The generation which had lived through the depression of the 1930s
The beveridge report: what vision did beveridge offer
A safe, secure and prosperous future which made war worth fighting
The beveridge report: which steps were taken regarding employment
White paper issued 1944 outlining commitment to high and stable employment
The beveridge report: which key beveridge recommendation did coalition gov introduce in 1944
Family allowances
5 shillings a week for all children after first up to 15/16 if still in full time education
The butler education act: who was butler
Conservative education minister in wartime coalition
The butler education act: what was the school leaving age increased from
14-15
The butler education act: what was established
Free, compulsory secondary education
The butler education act: what would be available to students who qualified for uni entrance
Local authority grants of fees and maintenance
The butler education act: what was the tripartite system of education that the act led
Grammar, technical or secondary modern as advised by ministry of education
The butler education act: what would students take to determine whether they were able to attend a grammar school
An examination known as the 11+
The policies of post war labour gov: when did the welfare state promise to care for people
From cradle to the grave
Policies of post war labour gov: when did labour pass the major welfare and social reforms
Between 1945 and 1948
Policies of post war labour gov: the family allowances act
1945
5 shillings now paid to a family for each child after first one
Policies of post war labour gov: in what sense was the 1946 national insurance act universal
It applied national insurance to all employees
Policies of post war labour gov: what was the national insurance act comprehensive in
The risks it covered
Policies of post war labour gov: how did the act work
In return for weekly NI payments by employees and employers, the act provided unemployment and sickness benefit, maternity grants, death grants, allowances for widows and their children, allowance for orphans and an old age pension
Policies of post war labour gov: how was the 1946 industrial industries act universal
It covered the whole workforce
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the industrial injuries act widen
Made more generous compensation for injuries and illneee caused at work
Policies of post war labour gov: how long did scheme provide injury benefit for
6 months
Policies of post war labour gov: who did IIA provide disability benefit for
Those permanently injured
Policies of post war labour gov: what were death benefits set up for IIA
Dependents
Policies of post war labour gov: what were set up under IIA to asses cases rather than whole burden of proving case resting on claimant
Tribunals
Policies of post war labour gov: how many houses did labour build altogether
1.5 million
Policies of post war labour gov: what was most of the housing that labour build
Council housing and another 250000 pre fabs
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the 1946 new towns act begin
The building of major new towns around London tonhouse those bombed out or in slum acomodaion
Policies of post war labour gov: what did the towns and countryside act require
Large local authorities to plan future development
Policies of post war labour gov: what did town and countryside act establish to limit urban sprawl
The green belt
Policies of post war labour gov: who was the 1948 national assistant act pressed on gov by
Bevan
Policies of post war labour gov: what was national assistance act designed to provide
Basic financial held for anyone who fell through the net of other benefits
Policies of post war labour gov: how did national assistance act finally end poor Law
By transferring financial responsibility for the destitute from local to central gov
Policies of post war labour gov: what did national assistance board provide
Benefits to people who couldn’t fend for themselves
Policies of post war labour gov: what did NAA force local authorities to provide
Accommodation for the homeless
NHS: what did NHS mean
Health care could be available and accessible to all and free at the point of entry
NHS: what did NHS not begin to function until July 1948 despite
Act of parliament in 1946 opened way for NHS
NHS: what was establishment of NHS the work of
bevan
NHS: what did bevans ideas provoke
Considerable controversy
NHS: wby was implementing plans for NHS a long and difficult battle
He faced vigorous opposition from elements of Conservative party and doctors
Medical advances: why did WW2 see huge advances in medical world
As it sought to deal with casualties
Medical advances: why was great progres made with penicillin despite it being developed before war
Due to need to develop it on an industrial scale
Medical advances: what developments to do with penicillin had been developed by end of war
Several strains that were 20 tones stronger
Medical advances: 4 other types of advances during war
- improvements in blood transfusion derive
- burns and ground breaking work in skin grafts
- immunisation for tetanus
- development of ultrasound
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: unification of system of NHS administration
Although hospitals were funded centrally, there were significant regional variations in the pattern of health care
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: shortage of
Trained staff and of buildings
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: hospital buildings often
Dreary, old fashioned and ill suited for purpose
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: local health centres not set up until
1952
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of NHS: proved very difficult to bring costs under control as
Spending on NHS doubled between 1948 and 1951
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: social groups such as… now able to afford regular health care
Mothers of large low income families
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: major improvements in public health in late 1940s evidenced by
Infant mortality falling dramatically
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: rapidly gained
Public acceptance and became labours single most popular welfare reform
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: medical profession who opposed NHS soon became
It’s staunchest defenders
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: successes of NHS: what did NHS show
That universal, comprehensive and free medical care could be provided in a democratic, capitalist society
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: welfare benefits remained low and didn’t rise with
Inflation
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: claims for compensation for industrial injuries remained
Difficult to prove
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: post war financial and economic problems limited number of
Houses built
Assessing success of labours welfare reforms: limitations of other welfare reforms: issues with new tripartite model for schools
Left many with sense of failure if they failed to get into grammar schools
Technical schools never had same resources or prestige as grammar schools
What were labours welfare reforms overall
A great step forward
