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history > 6: Post War Economic Issues BRT > Flashcards

6: Post War Economic Issues BRT Flashcards

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1
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: why was the former emphasis on ‘laissez fairs’ moved away from

A

The size of the war effort required state intervention

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2
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: why did size of war effort require state intervention

A
  • increase in production of weapons
  • had to supply vast quantities of war materials to its allies
  • huge demands for transport
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3
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what effect did the huge demand posed by the war have on the economy

A

Pushed up prices and created shortages of materials and workers in 1914

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4
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: why did the state begin commandeering stocks of vital war materials and fixing prices

A

Private industry couldn’t cope on its own

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5
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what did LG persuade parliament to grant in 1915

A

More state powers over industry by extending DORA

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6
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what did the ministry of munitions do

A
  • set up central purchasing system for buying essential war materials
  • organised British achieve to help war effort
  • encouraged factories to convert from peacetime to war production
  • built own national factories
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7
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: which industries came under state control

A

Key industries such as railways, docks and coal mines

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8
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what were women encouraged to do

A

Enter jobs previously done by men

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9
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what did ministry of munitions CONTROL

A

Prices wages and profits

Rationed essential foods

Bought 90% of all imported

Had charge of transport and fuel

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10
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: how did the state alter the clocks

A

By introducing British Summer Time

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11
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what did the state reduce the strength of

A

Alcoholic drinks

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12
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: what did state limit opening hours for

A

Public houses

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13
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: why was a department of food production set up

A

-to increase amount of home grown foodstuffs

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14
Q

Britain’s wartime economy: how did government encourage food production

A
  • subsidised farmers to plough up wasteland
  • allocated scarce fertilisers
  • prisoners of war to work on land
  • encouraged women to volunteer for farm work
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15
Q

Paying for the war: gov spending increase 1913 to 1918

A

1913: £200 million
1918: £2600 million

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16
Q

Paying for the war: what were governments traditionally meant to do

A

Balance the budget

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17
Q

Paying for the war: what did gov have to do instead of balancing the budget

A

Had to borrow money from it’s own people and from neutral countries (particularly USA)

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18
Q

Paying for the war: what did gov have to do as well as borrowing

A

Increase taxation

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19
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: what were workers hit by as well as increased taxation

A

Rise in cost of living

Food prices rose by 10% in first month of war and continued to rise

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20
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: what did workers benefit from there being

A

More work

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21
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: pre war unemployed or casual part time workers position during war

A

Working full time

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22
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: how did unskilled workers benefit from war

A

Had real bargaining power because of labour shortages and consequently earned more

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23
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: how did those already in war increase their earnings

A

They were able to do more overtime

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24
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: how were better living standards evident for poorest in working class

A

Fall in poor relief applications and lower working class morality

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25
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: how were middle and upper classes more disadvantaged by war

A

Higher income tax rates and taxes on land

Many landed estates had to be sold off

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26
Q

Economic impact of war on workers: what percentage of landed estates had to be sold off in England 1917-1921

A

25%

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27
Q

Housing and austerity: what were working class homes like before the war

A
  • already over crowded
  • most lacked basic facilities
  • joined up terraced houses
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28
Q

Housing and austerity: how did all resources being focused on war worsen housing situation

A

Me house building and even major repairs generally halted

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29
Q

Housing and austerity: what happened as a result of increased demand for munition workers

A

More people came into already overcrowded industrial towns

30
Q

Housing and austerity: what caused landlords to increase rents

A

Increased demand combined with no increase in the supply of houses

31
Q

Housing and austerity: why did the government introduce a Rent Restriction Act in 1915

A

Unrest led by Mary Barbour

32
Q

Housing after the war: what was a key aspect of the 1918 govs creation of a better Britain

A

To create houses that were fit for heroes

33
Q

Housing after the war: when did Addison introduce the first housing and town planning act

A

1919

34
Q

Housing after the war: what did the first housing and town planning act 1919 encourage

A

Local govs to clear slums and construct low rent homes for the working class

35
Q

Housing after the war: in what respect was Addison’s housing and town planning act a success

A

200,000 homes built by 1922

36
Q

Housing after the war: why was Addison sacked

A

Addison payed £910 for houses when building cost of was only £385

Caused public outcry

37
Q

Housing after the war: what led to a shortage of over 800,000 homes in 1922

A

Grants for housing were withdrawn

38
Q

Housing after the war: why did the government have to consider a policy of retrenchment after 1921

A

Economic recession

39
Q

Housing after the war: why did the government appoint a committee under Sir Eric Geddes

A

To examine government spending after they were struggling with debt interest, falling tax revenues and rising spending

40
Q

Housing after the war: the did Geddes commuter recommend cuts amounting to

A

£86 million which were then reduced to £64 million

41
Q

Housing after the war: what did Geddes committees cut become known as

A

The Geddes axe

42
Q

Housing after the war: what did the Geddes axe mean

A

Housing subsidies were withdrawn

43
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what did the ‘treasury agreement’ in 1914 specify

A

That unions involved in vital war work would not strike

44
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what was the treasury agreement followed by and what did this ban

A

Munitions if war act 1915 which banned strikes for munitions workers

45
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what did it become illegal for workers in key production posts to do

A

Switch jobs without permission

46
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: how did some workers to object to these stricter arrangements

A

Believing that trade unions were no longer fulfilling their role of fighting for better wages and conditions

47
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what were the complaints against union acceptance of

A

Dilution agreements

48
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: how successful was the ban on strikes

A

There was still continued strike activity throughout the war

49
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what was clear by 1918 about the relationship between gov and unions

A

Good relationship was coming to an end

50
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what was the growth in TU membership accompanied bu

A

A mood of militancy

51
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what did LG continue to improve industrial relations despite

A
  • police strike 1919
  • serious riots Glasgow 1919
  • may 1920 dockers refused to load ships to he used against bilsheviks in Russian civil war
  • support from unions for hands off Russia campaign
52
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: how did LG Avert the threat of a coal strike in feb 1919

A

By appointing the Sankey committee to investigate pay and conditions in the coal industry

53
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: why did LG set up industrial councils

A

To negotiate wage rates and look at production methods

54
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: what effect did the industrial recession of 1921 have

A

Wages slumped and strikes grew in number

55
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: how did the relationship between gov and workers change

A

Became more confrontational

56
Q

Trade unions and post war industrial problems: why did the relationship between workers and gov become more confrontational

A

Conservative dominated cabinet refused to accept most of recommendations of sankey commission and recommendations of industrial councils notnfollowed up

57
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what did urgent need for products of Britain’s staple industries during war lead to

A

Massive investment

58
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what became even more evident about staple industries when war ended

A

Long term decline

59
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what did Britain’s capacity to produce steel expand by during war

A

50%

60
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what was clear by 1921 about steel industry

A

There had been substantial over investment and that neither the domestic nor the foreign markets could absorb this quantity of steel

61
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: why had Britain built 2 million tons of shipping during war

A

To cope with the demands of continual losses to German u boats

62
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: how many tons of shipping did Britain need to produce after 1918

A

0.5 pernyear

63
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: which countries were producing more coal than Britain by 1918

A

Poland and Germany

64
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: rival energy sources

A

Gas, electricity and oil

65
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: which counties had overseas markets for textiles been lost to

A

Japan, India and USA

66
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what did America impose on certain imports which lowered demand

A

Tariffs

67
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: how did Italy lower demand

A

It tried to become more self sufficient

68
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: how did soviet Russia contribute to lowering demand

A

Tried to avoid reliance on capitalist counties

69
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: why did restrictions on trade and touched foreign competition hit staples hard

A

They were great exporting industries

70
Q

The position of the staple industries and trade: what was massive lay off of workers as a result known as

A

Structural unemployment

71
Q

The position of Britain’s trade: how could Britain be said to have a favourable trade balance before the war

A
  • imported more goods than exported

- could make up for this by selling services and income it received from overseas investors

72
Q

The position of Britain’s trade: how did Britain have an unfavourable trade balance after war

A
  • gov sold off many overseas investments during war

- borrowed vast sums of money to fight and had to pay interest on these

history (44 decks)

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