19: the great patriotic war Flashcards
1
Q
when did the nazis invade russia
A
22 june 1941
2
Q
why was stalin caught by surprise by nazi invasion
A
he had ignored intelligence reports and seems to have miscalculated as to when the germans would turn east
3
Q
what evidence is there that stalin was not entirely unaware of the impending attack from nazi germany
A
defence spending increased 16.5% 1937- 32.6% 1940
4
Q
was the soviet union ready for war in 1941
A
no
5
Q
what had sapped the strength of the red army between 1936-38
A
the purges of the red army removed most senior officers
6
Q
what had soviet fighting capacity been affected by
A
inadequate training and the removal of those who had promoted more advanced military theories, such as mikhail tukhachevsky
7
Q
when had a lack of military initiative already been seen
A
in winter war with finland 1939-40 when no commander dared try anything new
8
Q
what was the effect of the reestablishment of dual command of military units
A
increased party control but hindered actual combat capabilities
9
Q
what deficiencies were there economically despite the move towards rearmament in the third 5yp
A
deficiencies in quantity and quality of equipment
10
Q
how many tanks, military aircraft and rifles was the soviet union producing per month by 1941
A
230 tanks
700 military aircraft
100,000 rifles
11
Q
what had happened as a result of increased expenditure of the military
A
insufficient investment in the collective and state farm system, still not producing enough to feed population
12
Q
how was the soviet union psychologically unprepared to fight
A
having withdrawn anti-fascist propaganda and praised soviet german friendship since 1939, soviet troops suddenly expected to fight former allies
13
Q
what was the name of the operation that launched the german attack
A
three pronged attack- operation barbarossa
14
Q
wht was stalins initial reaction to the invasion
A
he suggested that someone contact hitler in berlin because he suspected the troop advance to be a limited act of provocation
15
Q
what was stalins first wartime order when he met his politburo
A
demand that german air force be destroyed and invading forced annihilated
16
Q
who did stalin leave the public announcement of hostilities to
A
molotov
17
Q
why did stalin possibly leave the announcement to molotov
A
he couldnt bring himself to make it
18
Q
how did molotov end his informing of the people
A
‘our cause is just, the enemy will be smashed, victory will be ours’
19
Q
how long did stalin take to establish a defined structure of governmental and military authority
A
a week- whether this was deliberate or he was affected by depression is unknown
20
Q
what was stalins speech on 3 july 1941 designed to do
A
establish his leadership and unite the nation, rekindling patriotism and mollifying all those who opposed his politices in 1930s
21
Q
what did stalins interestingly appeal to in his war speeches
A
his peoples love for their country and played on the threat of their culture rather than the threat to socialism
22
Q
what did the people fight for instead of communism
A
russia
23
Q
what did stalin order as a result of the germans coming dangerously close to moscow in october 1941
A
evacuation of the government to Kuibyshev on the Volga
24
Q
what display of resistance did stalin insist on despite ordering the evacuation of the government in moscow
A
the annual red square parade should take place as normal
25
what did stalin realise as a result of the disastrous opening to the war
the need to let his military commanders plan campaigns- running of war increasingly left to general staff but removed if they displayed incompetence
26
examples of marshals replaced by men brought back from gulags
Voroshilov and budyenny
27
who did stalin rely heavily on in the war
georgi Zhukov
28
what had hitler nurtured some hope that the invasion would spark
an anti Stalinist revolt
29
how did those in national minority areas approach the germans in the wake of invasion
they welcomed the german soldiers as liberators after the harsh Stalinism of the 1930s and thousands became collaborationists
30
what movement was formed in the Ukraine under vlasov
the Russian liberation movement who fought against their former red army comrades
31
what did winning the war rely on in the greater part of the unoccupied ussr
on the continuation of pre war terror tactics
32
what did stalin issue in july 1942 when the germans threatned stalingrad
order 227- not one step backwards
33
what was the fate of any soldier who fell behind/tried to retreat
shot on sight
34
how many were sentenced to death under order 227
150000
35
who were penal battalions created from
those who broke discipline
36
what happened to those who broke discipline
sent to front to undertake most dangerous jobs eg clearing minefields =- supposedly to redeem themselves
37
casualty rates of those who were given most dangerous jobs
50%
38
what were added to the NKVD units to prevent desertion/retreat
blocking units equipped with machine guns
39
political impact: why did stalin take action to prevent political disintegration
the multinational nature of the empire seen as a potential threat to state security
40
political impact: what happened to the Volga german autonomous republic
dissolved as early as august 1941 and peoples sent to east
41
political impact: who were deported away from their homelands
'suspect' ethnic groups such as the chechens
42
political impact: how many in total were forced to uproot
1.5 million
43
political impact: what did stalin address within the party to win the way
former grievances of army officers
44
political impact: what was the result of stalin putting emphasis on the political education of the troops
increasing numbers of military chose to join party
45
political impact: how many candidate members and how many new members joined the party during the war
5 million candidate members
| 3.6 million new members
46
political impact: what percentage of those in the armed forces were communist and what percentage were Komsomol members by 1945
25% communist
| 20% members of komsomol
47
political impact: wat did the war help to strengthen the belief in
the communist system
48
political impact: what could stalin claim that the war had shown by may 1945
the war had shown the superiority and resilience of the socialist system
49
political impact: what was the war a victory for
communist over fascism
50
economic impact: what had hitler intended to seize in the wake of his invasion
Russian farmland and industry to use to german advantage
51
economic impact: to what extent had nhitler achieved his goal of seizing Russian farmland and industry by the end of 1941
german occupied soviet territory contained 63% of countrys coal, 68% iron, 58% steel, 45% railways and 41% arable land
52
economic impact: what measures did the soviets take during the war to ensure their economic survival
the establishment of a wartime economy on 30 june 1941
53
economic impact: which policy rendered most of farmland useless
scorched earth
54
economic impact: how many soviet factories were transplanted from western Russia and Ukraine to east in july-nov 1941
1523
55
economic impact: what happened to the industrial growth that had already taken place in 5 year plans
capitalised upon
56
economic impact: ho were industrial bases rapidly linked to front line
new railways built/redirected
57
economic impact: how did managing a wartime economy prove easier for USSR than western allies
existing centralised, planned economy
58
economic impact: what were established to supervise different sections of wartime production
wartime commissars
59
economic impact: what did compulsory state orders allow for
changes to take place in a very short timeframe
60
economic impact: what effect did the redistribution of national expenditure have on militaryshare of budget by end of 1942
risen from 29% to 57%
61
economic impact: how many new industrial enterprises were built during course of war in the urals
3500
62
economic impact: how was USSR military economy better than Germany by mid 1943
industrial output exceeded that of Germany and quality of weapons superior
63
economic impact: why did food problems take longer to solve
grain harvest of 1942 only 1/3 of that of 1940
64
economic impact: how was survival ensured despite food problems
strict rationing and demanding quotas on collective farms
65
economic impact: who was farm output maintained by
women, elderly men and children
66
economic impact: why was the use of foreign aid never advertised to the soviet people
they were encouraged to believe that their efforts were ignored by the west
67
economic impact: what war materials did the uk and usa supply
essential war materials which the ussr had limited production of
68
economic impact: when was the lend lease scheme and what was provided under it
1941- 11 billion dollars of aid provided by usa
69
social impact: what did the announcement of the german invasion see recruitment stations flood with
volunteers keen to fight for the motherland
70
social impact: how many signed up from Moscow alone
120000
71
social impact: what did people fight for
some believed they were following tradition of pioneers that fought in civil war and others fought for community and locality
72
social impact: what did the panic induced by the german attack help to reunite
Russian society and provide cohesion that had been threatened in the 1930s
73
social impact: what did the central authorities step in to manage
society in the same way they directed agriculture and industry
74
social impact: what did the law introduced in December 1941 mobilise
all undrafted workers for war work
75
social impact: what became obligatory in the workplace and what was suspended
overtime became obligatory and holidays suspended
76
social impact: what was the working day increased to
12 hours
77
social impact: what was the average working week
70-77 hours
78
social impact: what were there severe punishments for in the workplace
negligence, lateness or absenteeism
79
social impact: what was unauthorised absence from work classed as
desertion punishable by death
80
social impact: what were confiscated from a soldier whilst he was in captivity
his familys military ration cards
81
social impact: what did stalin see the lives of red army soldiers as expendable in
the interests of the greater good
82
social impact: how many soldiers killed between 1941-45
8.6 million
83
social impact: what percentage of deaths suffered by ussr in war caused by starvation
25 million
84
social impact: why did health problems escalate
housing and fuel shortages as well as food shortages
85
social impact: why was there a housing shortage
priority was factory building first, accommodation second
86
social impact: what was used to maintain supplies
gulag labour
87
social impact: what was the death rate in the labour camps in 1942 and why was this not regarded as a problem
25%
| slave labour regarded as endlessly renewable
88
social impact: what did stalin play on the connotations of to harness society for the war effort
great patriotic war
89
social impact: what were people encouraged to sacrifice themselves in the interests of
the holy mother Russia against the godless invaders and child killers
90
social impact: what were the non Russian nationalities told to join
join in with you Russian brothers- the home of a Russian is also your home
91
social impact: what were published in Pravda to inspire heroism and self sacrifice
deeply patriotic and violently anti german letters
92
social impact: what was the international (socialist anthem) replaced by in 1943
a new nationalistic song of the motherland
93
social impact: what did artists enjoy more freedom in the interests of
fostering an atmosphere of national reconciliation
94
social impact: on what terms were previously banned individuals allowed to work again on
so long as they avoided direct criticism of Marxist Leninism
95
social impact: what happened to churches
they were reopened and there was a respite in the persecution of them
96
social impact: developments involving the clergy
Russian patriarch restored and clergy released from camps
97
social impact: what happened to priests and bishops
they were officially vetted and had to swear an oath to the soviet state
98
social impact: what did stalin want to use the church for
to lift morale and strengthen the peoples resolve- attendance was encouraged
99
social impact: what did church services become
patriotic gatherings with sermons and prayers calling for victory and defiance of the germans
100
social impact: what did priests bless
troops and tanks and restored feelings of devotion to the motherland
101
social impact: how was the church not allowed any real autonomy
all Christian denominations placed under control of orthodox church- turned relgion into an arm of the gov
102
social impact: what did the war bring a reaffirmation of the importance of
the family
103
social impact: what were the new measures introduced in july 1944 trying to combat
falling birth rate and the deaths brought about by the war
104
social impact: who were taxes increased for
those with fewer than two children
105
social impact: what were restrictions tightened on
divorce
106
social impact: what was forbidden
abortion
107
social impact: what right was re-established
right to inherit family property
108
social impact: what were mothers of more than two made
heroines of the soviet union
109
social impact: why did womens burdens increase in wartime
they became essential members of the workforce and were expected to raise large families
110
social impact: what percentage of all soviet workers were women by 1945
50%
111
social impact: what percentage of land workers were women by 1945
4/5
112
social impact: what were recruited from women
local defence units and fire wardens
113
social impact: how many women fought in the soviet armed forces as pilots, snipers etc
over 500,000
114
social impact: what happened to womens pay rates between 1930 and 1945
they fell
115
social impact: why were some soviet citizens and red army soldiers forced to live in occupied territory
they found themselves left behind the german lines in the rapid advance of 1941
116
social impact: what tactics did partisan groups use to harass the enemy and sabotage operations
guerilla tactics
117
social impact: why was zoya kosmodemyansanka made a hero of the soviet union
partisan who refused to betray her comrades when caught by germans as she cut telephone cables
118
social impact: who, other than partisans, were liable to be the victims of harsh punishments at german hands
innocent villagers also massacred in reprisals because of partisan activity
119
stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins reputation
his reputation soared- turned into a national superhero
120
stalin: what soon adorned all public buildings to celebrate his image
paintings portraying him as the great wartime leader
121
stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins personality
he became more paranoid
| suspicions of real/imagined enemies had grown
122
stalin: when was stalins increased paranoia most apparent
in his attitude to returning prisoners of war- stalin regarded them as tainted with western values
123
stalin: where were returning prisoners of war transferred to
from german to soviet labour camps
124
stalin: what was the fate of collaborationist soviet citizens who had fought for Germany against the USSR
THEY WERE IMMEDIATELY EXECUTED AND THEIR COMMUNITITES MADE TO SUFFER
125
stalin: example of those who were wiped out due to their support of german armies
the cossacks
126
stalin: where were servicemen returning to the ussr interrogated by the nkvd
in filtration camps
127
stalin: where were servicemen returning to ussr from abroad sent if they were believed to have potentially subversive views
gulags
128
stalin: what were servicemen with good war records given access to
higher education and rapid promotion to better jobs
129
government: what did stalin claim that the war had allowed the Stalinist system to prove
its unquestionable vitality
130
government: what did the soviet union emerge from the war as internationally
a great military power
131
government: what did the soviet union do as well as retaining all the regions occupied under Nazi-soviet pact and what effect did this have
took more which created a band of satellite states in eastern europe
132
government: how was victory portrayed
as a victory for the system, not the people
133
government: did stalin change his style of government at all after the war
no
| retained positions of head of gov and party secretary
134
government: what did the last years of stalins life see a return to
the methods of the 1930s
135
people: how many people in the western provinces at the end of the war had nothing but wooden huts to live in
25 million
136
people: how were the war years in some way easier for some people
they offered ordinary people more opportunity for individual initiative and helped to bring state and people closer
137
people: what gave people new hope for change now the war was over
the sense of collective endeavour for their country, their gov and stalin
138
people: what helped to spread new liberal thinking
the comradeship among soldiers
139
people: what did army officers emerge from the war at the forefront of
the movement for greater liberalisation
140
people: what opened the eyes of ordinary soviet citizens and disproved the propaganda image of the dismal west
access western influence
