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19: the great patriotic war Flashcards

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1
Q

when did the nazis invade russia

A

22 june 1941

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2
Q

why was stalin caught by surprise by nazi invasion

A

he had ignored intelligence reports and seems to have miscalculated as to when the germans would turn east

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3
Q

what evidence is there that stalin was not entirely unaware of the impending attack from nazi germany

A

defence spending increased 16.5% 1937- 32.6% 1940

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4
Q

was the soviet union ready for war in 1941

A

no

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5
Q

what had sapped the strength of the red army between 1936-38

A

the purges of the red army removed most senior officers

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6
Q

what had soviet fighting capacity been affected by

A

inadequate training and the removal of those who had promoted more advanced military theories, such as mikhail tukhachevsky

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7
Q

when had a lack of military initiative already been seen

A

in winter war with finland 1939-40 when no commander dared try anything new

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8
Q

what was the effect of the reestablishment of dual command of military units

A

increased party control but hindered actual combat capabilities

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9
Q

what deficiencies were there economically despite the move towards rearmament in the third 5yp

A

deficiencies in quantity and quality of equipment

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10
Q

how many tanks, military aircraft and rifles was the soviet union producing per month by 1941

A

230 tanks
700 military aircraft
100,000 rifles

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11
Q

what had happened as a result of increased expenditure of the military

A

insufficient investment in the collective and state farm system, still not producing enough to feed population

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12
Q

how was the soviet union psychologically unprepared to fight

A

having withdrawn anti-fascist propaganda and praised soviet german friendship since 1939, soviet troops suddenly expected to fight former allies

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13
Q

what was the name of the operation that launched the german attack

A

three pronged attack- operation barbarossa

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14
Q

wht was stalins initial reaction to the invasion

A

he suggested that someone contact hitler in berlin because he suspected the troop advance to be a limited act of provocation

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15
Q

what was stalins first wartime order when he met his politburo

A

demand that german air force be destroyed and invading forced annihilated

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16
Q

who did stalin leave the public announcement of hostilities to

A

molotov

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17
Q

why did stalin possibly leave the announcement to molotov

A

he couldnt bring himself to make it

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18
Q

how did molotov end his informing of the people

A

‘our cause is just, the enemy will be smashed, victory will be ours’

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19
Q

how long did stalin take to establish a defined structure of governmental and military authority

A

a week- whether this was deliberate or he was affected by depression is unknown

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20
Q

what was stalins speech on 3 july 1941 designed to do

A

establish his leadership and unite the nation, rekindling patriotism and mollifying all those who opposed his politices in 1930s

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21
Q

what did stalins interestingly appeal to in his war speeches

A

his peoples love for their country and played on the threat of their culture rather than the threat to socialism

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22
Q

what did the people fight for instead of communism

A

russia

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23
Q

what did stalin order as a result of the germans coming dangerously close to moscow in october 1941

A

evacuation of the government to Kuibyshev on the Volga

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24
Q

what display of resistance did stalin insist on despite ordering the evacuation of the government in moscow

A

the annual red square parade should take place as normal

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25
Q

what did stalin realise as a result of the disastrous opening to the war

A

the need to let his military commanders plan campaigns- running of war increasingly left to general staff but removed if they displayed incompetence

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26
Q

examples of marshals replaced by men brought back from gulags

A

Voroshilov and budyenny

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27
Q

who did stalin rely heavily on in the war

A

georgi Zhukov

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28
Q

what had hitler nurtured some hope that the invasion would spark

A

an anti Stalinist revolt

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29
Q

how did those in national minority areas approach the germans in the wake of invasion

A

they welcomed the german soldiers as liberators after the harsh Stalinism of the 1930s and thousands became collaborationists

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30
Q

what movement was formed in the Ukraine under vlasov

A

the Russian liberation movement who fought against their former red army comrades

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31
Q

what did winning the war rely on in the greater part of the unoccupied ussr

A

on the continuation of pre war terror tactics

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32
Q

what did stalin issue in july 1942 when the germans threatned stalingrad

A

order 227- not one step backwards

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33
Q

what was the fate of any soldier who fell behind/tried to retreat

A

shot on sight

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34
Q

how many were sentenced to death under order 227

A

150000

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35
Q

who were penal battalions created from

A

those who broke discipline

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36
Q

what happened to those who broke discipline

A

sent to front to undertake most dangerous jobs eg clearing minefields =- supposedly to redeem themselves

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37
Q

casualty rates of those who were given most dangerous jobs

A

50%

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38
Q

what were added to the NKVD units to prevent desertion/retreat

A

blocking units equipped with machine guns

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39
Q

political impact: why did stalin take action to prevent political disintegration

A

the multinational nature of the empire seen as a potential threat to state security

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40
Q

political impact: what happened to the Volga german autonomous republic

A

dissolved as early as august 1941 and peoples sent to east

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41
Q

political impact: who were deported away from their homelands

A

‘suspect’ ethnic groups such as the chechens

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42
Q

political impact: how many in total were forced to uproot

A

1.5 million

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43
Q

political impact: what did stalin address within the party to win the way

A

former grievances of army officers

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44
Q

political impact: what was the result of stalin putting emphasis on the political education of the troops

A

increasing numbers of military chose to join party

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45
Q

political impact: how many candidate members and how many new members joined the party during the war

A

5 million candidate members

3.6 million new members

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46
Q

political impact: what percentage of those in the armed forces were communist and what percentage were Komsomol members by 1945

A

25% communist

20% members of komsomol

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47
Q

political impact: wat did the war help to strengthen the belief in

A

the communist system

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48
Q

political impact: what could stalin claim that the war had shown by may 1945

A

the war had shown the superiority and resilience of the socialist system

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49
Q

political impact: what was the war a victory for

A

communist over fascism

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50
Q

economic impact: what had hitler intended to seize in the wake of his invasion

A

Russian farmland and industry to use to german advantage

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51
Q

economic impact: to what extent had nhitler achieved his goal of seizing Russian farmland and industry by the end of 1941

A

german occupied soviet territory contained 63% of countrys coal, 68% iron, 58% steel, 45% railways and 41% arable land

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52
Q

economic impact: what measures did the soviets take during the war to ensure their economic survival

A

the establishment of a wartime economy on 30 june 1941

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53
Q

economic impact: which policy rendered most of farmland useless

A

scorched earth

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54
Q

economic impact: how many soviet factories were transplanted from western Russia and Ukraine to east in july-nov 1941

A

1523

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55
Q

economic impact: what happened to the industrial growth that had already taken place in 5 year plans

A

capitalised upon

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56
Q

economic impact: ho were industrial bases rapidly linked to front line

A

new railways built/redirected

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57
Q

economic impact: how did managing a wartime economy prove easier for USSR than western allies

A

existing centralised, planned economy

58
Q

economic impact: what were established to supervise different sections of wartime production

A

wartime commissars

59
Q

economic impact: what did compulsory state orders allow for

A

changes to take place in a very short timeframe

60
Q

economic impact: what effect did the redistribution of national expenditure have on militaryshare of budget by end of 1942

A

risen from 29% to 57%

61
Q

economic impact: how many new industrial enterprises were built during course of war in the urals

A

3500

62
Q

economic impact: how was USSR military economy better than Germany by mid 1943

A

industrial output exceeded that of Germany and quality of weapons superior

63
Q

economic impact: why did food problems take longer to solve

A

grain harvest of 1942 only 1/3 of that of 1940

64
Q

economic impact: how was survival ensured despite food problems

A

strict rationing and demanding quotas on collective farms

65
Q

economic impact: who was farm output maintained by

A

women, elderly men and children

66
Q

economic impact: why was the use of foreign aid never advertised to the soviet people

A

they were encouraged to believe that their efforts were ignored by the west

67
Q

economic impact: what war materials did the uk and usa supply

A

essential war materials which the ussr had limited production of

68
Q

economic impact: when was the lend lease scheme and what was provided under it

A

1941- 11 billion dollars of aid provided by usa

69
Q

social impact: what did the announcement of the german invasion see recruitment stations flood with

A

volunteers keen to fight for the motherland

70
Q

social impact: how many signed up from Moscow alone

A

120000

71
Q

social impact: what did people fight for

A

some believed they were following tradition of pioneers that fought in civil war and others fought for community and locality

72
Q

social impact: what did the panic induced by the german attack help to reunite

A

Russian society and provide cohesion that had been threatened in the 1930s

73
Q

social impact: what did the central authorities step in to manage

A

society in the same way they directed agriculture and industry

74
Q

social impact: what did the law introduced in December 1941 mobilise

A

all undrafted workers for war work

75
Q

social impact: what became obligatory in the workplace and what was suspended

A

overtime became obligatory and holidays suspended

76
Q

social impact: what was the working day increased to

A

12 hours

77
Q

social impact: what was the average working week

A

70-77 hours

78
Q

social impact: what were there severe punishments for in the workplace

A

negligence, lateness or absenteeism

79
Q

social impact: what was unauthorised absence from work classed as

A

desertion punishable by death

80
Q

social impact: what were confiscated from a soldier whilst he was in captivity

A

his familys military ration cards

81
Q

social impact: what did stalin see the lives of red army soldiers as expendable in

A

the interests of the greater good

82
Q

social impact: how many soldiers killed between 1941-45

A

8.6 million

83
Q

social impact: what percentage of deaths suffered by ussr in war caused by starvation

A

25 million

84
Q

social impact: why did health problems escalate

A

housing and fuel shortages as well as food shortages

85
Q

social impact: why was there a housing shortage

A

priority was factory building first, accommodation second

86
Q

social impact: what was used to maintain supplies

A

gulag labour

87
Q

social impact: what was the death rate in the labour camps in 1942 and why was this not regarded as a problem

A

25%

slave labour regarded as endlessly renewable

88
Q

social impact: what did stalin play on the connotations of to harness society for the war effort

A

great patriotic war

89
Q

social impact: what were people encouraged to sacrifice themselves in the interests of

A

the holy mother Russia against the godless invaders and child killers

90
Q

social impact: what were the non Russian nationalities told to join

A

join in with you Russian brothers- the home of a Russian is also your home

91
Q

social impact: what were published in Pravda to inspire heroism and self sacrifice

A

deeply patriotic and violently anti german letters

92
Q

social impact: what was the international (socialist anthem) replaced by in 1943

A

a new nationalistic song of the motherland

93
Q

social impact: what did artists enjoy more freedom in the interests of

A

fostering an atmosphere of national reconciliation

94
Q

social impact: on what terms were previously banned individuals allowed to work again on

A

so long as they avoided direct criticism of Marxist Leninism

95
Q

social impact: what happened to churches

A

they were reopened and there was a respite in the persecution of them

96
Q

social impact: developments involving the clergy

A

Russian patriarch restored and clergy released from camps

97
Q

social impact: what happened to priests and bishops

A

they were officially vetted and had to swear an oath to the soviet state

98
Q

social impact: what did stalin want to use the church for

A

to lift morale and strengthen the peoples resolve- attendance was encouraged

99
Q

social impact: what did church services become

A

patriotic gatherings with sermons and prayers calling for victory and defiance of the germans

100
Q

social impact: what did priests bless

A

troops and tanks and restored feelings of devotion to the motherland

101
Q

social impact: how was the church not allowed any real autonomy

A

all Christian denominations placed under control of orthodox church- turned relgion into an arm of the gov

102
Q

social impact: what did the war bring a reaffirmation of the importance of

A

the family

103
Q

social impact: what were the new measures introduced in july 1944 trying to combat

A

falling birth rate and the deaths brought about by the war

104
Q

social impact: who were taxes increased for

A

those with fewer than two children

105
Q

social impact: what were restrictions tightened on

A

divorce

106
Q

social impact: what was forbidden

A

abortion

107
Q

social impact: what right was re-established

A

right to inherit family property

108
Q

social impact: what were mothers of more than two made

A

heroines of the soviet union

109
Q

social impact: why did womens burdens increase in wartime

A

they became essential members of the workforce and were expected to raise large families

110
Q

social impact: what percentage of all soviet workers were women by 1945

A

50%

111
Q

social impact: what percentage of land workers were women by 1945

A

4/5

112
Q

social impact: what were recruited from women

A

local defence units and fire wardens

113
Q

social impact: how many women fought in the soviet armed forces as pilots, snipers etc

A

over 500,000

114
Q

social impact: what happened to womens pay rates between 1930 and 1945

A

they fell

115
Q

social impact: why were some soviet citizens and red army soldiers forced to live in occupied territory

A

they found themselves left behind the german lines in the rapid advance of 1941

116
Q

social impact: what tactics did partisan groups use to harass the enemy and sabotage operations

A

guerilla tactics

117
Q

social impact: why was zoya kosmodemyansanka made a hero of the soviet union

A

partisan who refused to betray her comrades when caught by germans as she cut telephone cables

118
Q

social impact: who, other than partisans, were liable to be the victims of harsh punishments at german hands

A

innocent villagers also massacred in reprisals because of partisan activity

119
Q

stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins reputation

A

his reputation soared- turned into a national superhero

120
Q

stalin: what soon adorned all public buildings to celebrate his image

A

paintings portraying him as the great wartime leader

121
Q

stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins personality

A

he became more paranoid

suspicions of real/imagined enemies had grown

122
Q

stalin: when was stalins increased paranoia most apparent

A

in his attitude to returning prisoners of war- stalin regarded them as tainted with western values

123
Q

stalin: where were returning prisoners of war transferred to

A

from german to soviet labour camps

124
Q

stalin: what was the fate of collaborationist soviet citizens who had fought for Germany against the USSR

A

THEY WERE IMMEDIATELY EXECUTED AND THEIR COMMUNITITES MADE TO SUFFER

125
Q

stalin: example of those who were wiped out due to their support of german armies

A

the cossacks

126
Q

stalin: where were servicemen returning to the ussr interrogated by the nkvd

A

in filtration camps

127
Q

stalin: where were servicemen returning to ussr from abroad sent if they were believed to have potentially subversive views

A

gulags

128
Q

stalin: what were servicemen with good war records given access to

A

higher education and rapid promotion to better jobs

129
Q

government: what did stalin claim that the war had allowed the Stalinist system to prove

A

its unquestionable vitality

130
Q

government: what did the soviet union emerge from the war as internationally

A

a great military power

131
Q

government: what did the soviet union do as well as retaining all the regions occupied under Nazi-soviet pact and what effect did this have

A

took more which created a band of satellite states in eastern europe

132
Q

government: how was victory portrayed

A

as a victory for the system, not the people

133
Q

government: did stalin change his style of government at all after the war

A

no

retained positions of head of gov and party secretary

134
Q

government: what did the last years of stalins life see a return to

A

the methods of the 1930s

135
Q

people: how many people in the western provinces at the end of the war had nothing but wooden huts to live in

A

25 million

136
Q

people: how were the war years in some way easier for some people

A

they offered ordinary people more opportunity for individual initiative and helped to bring state and people closer

137
Q

people: what gave people new hope for change now the war was over

A

the sense of collective endeavour for their country, their gov and stalin

138
Q

people: what helped to spread new liberal thinking

A

the comradeship among soldiers

139
Q

people: what did army officers emerge from the war at the forefront of

A

the movement for greater liberalisation

140
Q

people: what opened the eyes of ordinary soviet citizens and disproved the propaganda image of the dismal west

A

access western influence

history (44 decks)

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